Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-os

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ós and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ōs

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Suffix

*(é)-os n

2. Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs.

Inflection

Athematic, acrostatic
	singular
nominative	*(é)-os
genitive	*(é)-esos
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(é)-os	*(é)-esih₁	*(é)-ōs
vocative	*(é)-os	*(é)-esih₁	*(é)-ōs
accusative	*(é)-os	*(é)-esih₁	*(é)-ōs
genitive	*(é)-esos	*?	*(é)-esoHom
ablative	*(é)-esos	*?	*(é)-esmos
dative	*(é)-esey	*?	*(é)-esmos
locative	*(é)-es, *(é)-esi	*?	*(é)-esu
instrumental	*(é)-esh₁	*?	*(é)-esmis

Derived terms

Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-os (athematic)

• *(é)-ēs (< **(é)-es-s)
• *(é)-ōs (< **(é)-os-s)

Descendants

• Proto-Celtic: *-os (s-stem nouns)
• Proto-Germanic: *-az (z-stem nouns)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-os (s-stem nouns)
  • Ancient Greek: -ος (-os)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-ehen (< alternative locative form *-esen)
  • Ancient Greek: -ειν (-ein)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-a
  • Latvian: -a, -s
  • Lithuanian: -a, -as
  • Proto-Slavic: *-o (s-stem nouns)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-as
• Proto-Italic: *-os
  • Old Latin: -os
    • Latin: -us
• Proto-Italic: *-ezi (< locative ending *-esi)
  • Latin: -ere, -erī
• Proto-Albanian: *-ʉh
  • Albanian: -ë
  • Albanian: -ëri
• Illyrian: *-urio

Suffix

*(ó)-os m

2. Creates nouns from verb stems denoting the performance or result of that verb.

Inflection

Thematic
	singular
nominative	*(ó)-os
genitive	*(ó)-osyo
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(ó)-os	*(ó)-oh₁	*(ó)-oes
vocative	*(ó)-e	*(ó)-oh₁	*(ó)-oes
accusative	*(ó)-om	*(ó)-oh₁	*(ó)-oms
genitive	*(ó)-osyo	*?	*(ó)-oHom
ablative	*(ó)-ead	*?	*(ó)-omos
dative	*(ó)-oey	*?	*(ó)-omos
locative	*(ó)-ey, *(ó)-oy	*?	*(ó)-oysu
instrumental	*(ó)-oh₁	*?	*(ó)-ōys

Derived terms

Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-os (thematic)

Related terms

• *(o)-ós
• *(o)-éh₂

Descendants

• Anatolian:
  • Hittite: a-stem nouns
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: o-stem nouns
• Proto-Celtic: o-stem nouns
• Proto-Germanic: a-stem nouns
• Proto-Hellenic: o-stem nouns
  • Ancient Greek: τόμος-type nouns
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: a-stem nouns
• Proto-Italic: o-stem nouns