Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/komberos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Alternative reconstruction

*komboros^[1]

Etymology

Prefixed with *kom- (“with”).

Usually related to Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (“to brew”),^[2]^[3] but the absence of *-w- cannot be satisfactorily explained if that root is the origin. Stifter dismisses such a connection.^[4]

Noun

*komberos m^[5]

place where river water brews up, such as:
1. confluence (meeting two or more rivers)
2. dam, barrage

Inflection

Masculine o-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*komberos	*komberou	*komberoi
vocative	*kombere	*komberou	*komberoi
accusative	*komberom	*komberou	*komberons
genitive	*komberī	*komberous	*komberom
dative	*komberūi	*komberobom	*komberobos
locative	*komberei	*?	*?
instrumental	*komberū	*komberobim	*komberūis

Related terms

*ad-beros
*eni-berom
- Old Irish: inber
  - Middle Irish: inber
    - Irish: inbhear
    - Scottish Gaelic: inbhir
*to-uxs-beros
- Old Irish: topur
  - Middle Irish: topar, sopar
    - Irish: tobar
    - Manx: tubbyr
    - Scottish Gaelic: tobar
*uɸo-berā

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic:
- Breton: kember
  - → French: Quimper
- Cornish: kemper
- Old Welsh: cimer
  - Middle Welsh: cimer, kimer
    - Welsh: cymer
Middle Irish: commar, commor
- Scottish Gaelic: comar
- Irish: cumar
Gaulish: *comberos
- → Latin: combrus
  - Old French: combre
    - ⇒ Old French: encombrer
      - French: encombrer
      - → Middle English: encombren
        English: encumber
      - → Middle English: combren
        English: cumber
      - →? Italian: ingombrare
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *excomborāre^[1]
- Occitan: escombrar
- Old Catalan:
  - Catalan: escombrar
- Old Spanish: escombrar
  - Spanish: escombrar

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Coromines, Joan; Pascual, José Antonio (1984), “escombrar”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic etymological dictionary]‎^[1] (in Spanish), volume II (Ce–F), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, pages 702–703
^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003), “comberos”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 122
^ Stalmaszczyk, Piotr; Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz (1993), “Studies in Indo-European Vocabulary”, in Indogermanische Forschungen, volume 98, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 24-39
^ [2]
^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “cymer”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

[DCECH-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Coromines, Joan; Pascual, José Antonio (1984), “escombrar”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic etymological dictionary]‎^[1] (in Spanish), volume II (Ce–F), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, pages 702–703

[2] Delamarre, Xavier (2003), “comberos”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 122

[3] Stalmaszczyk, Piotr; Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz (1993), “Studies in Indo-European Vocabulary”, in Indogermanische Forschungen, volume 98, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 24-39

[4] [2]

[GPC-5] R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “cymer”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

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[2]

[3]

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