Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skapjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Of uncertain origin; the mechanical reconstruction of a supposed Proto-Indo-European *(s)keb- yields no formal cognates, in addition to containing a final *-b. Kroonen tentatively supports Lehmann's suggestion of derivation from *skappōną (“to scrape”), itself the iterative form of *skabaną (“to shave, scrape”). The semantic shift from "to scrape, hollow out" > "to form" is reasonable, albeit not very trivial. Compare also Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍃 (ufarskafts, “first fruits”), which appears to be a derivative of *skapjaną.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈskɑp.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skapjaną

1. to make, to create
2. to shape

Inflection

Conjugation of *skapjaną (strong class 6 j-present)

	active voice				passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skapjō	*skapjaų	—		*skapjai	?
2nd singular	*skapisi	*skapjais	*skapi		*skapjasai	*skapjaisau
3rd singular	*skapiþi	*skapjai	*skapjaþau		*skapjaþai	*skapjaiþau
1st dual	*skapjōs	*skapjaiw	—		—	—
2nd dual	*skapjaþiz	*skapjaiþiz	*skapjaþiz		—	—
1st plural	*skapjamaz	*skapjaim	—		*skapjanþai	*skapjainþau
2nd plural	*skapiþ	*skapjaiþ	*skapiþ		*skapjanþai	*skapjainþau
3rd plural	*skapjanþi	*skapjain	*skapjanþau		*skapjanþai	*skapjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skōp	*skōpį̄
2nd singular	*skōft	*skōpīz
3rd singular	*skōp	*skōpī
1st dual	*skōpū	*skōpīw
2nd dual	*skōpudiz	*skōpīdiz
1st plural	*skōpum	*skōpīm
2nd plural	*skōpud	*skōpīd
3rd plural	*skōpun	*skōpīn
	present	past
participles	*skapjandz	*skapanaz

Derived terms

• *gaskapjaną
• *-skapiz
• *skapą

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *skappjan
  • Old English: sċieppan, sċippan — Early West Saxon, sċyppan — Late West Saxon, sċeppan — Anglian, Kentish
    • Middle English: schapen, chyppe, schape, schappen, shape, shapen, schyppe, schap (Late Middle English), shapenn (Ormulum), schippe (Devon), scap, scape (Northern)
      • English: shape
      • Middle Scots: schaip, schape
        • Scots: shape
  • Old Frisian: skeppa
    • Saterland Frisian: skäppe, schäppe
    • West Frisian: skeppe
  • Old Saxon: skeppian
    • Middle Low German: scheppen
      • Low German: schapen
  • Old Dutch: skeppen
    • Middle Dutch: scheppen
      • Dutch: scheppen
        • Afrikaans: skep
      • Limburgish: sjape
  • Old High German: skephen
    • Middle High German: schepfen
      • German: schöpfen (archaic)
    • ⇒ Old High German: *scaffan, scafan, scaffen (backformed from past participle and present conjugations skeffis, skeffit)
      • Middle High German: schaffen
        • Alemannic German: schaffe
          • Swabian: schaffa
        • German: schaffen
        • Luxembourgish: schafen
• Old Norse: skapa, skepja
  • Icelandic: skapa, skepja
  • Faroese: skapa
  • Norwegian Bokmål: skape
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: skape, skapa
  • Old Swedish: skapa
    • Swedish: skapa
  • Old Danish: skapæ
    • Danish: skabe
• Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaskapjan) (from *gaskapjaną)
• Vandalic: *skapjan, scapia