Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skapjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Of uncertain origin; the mechanical reconstruction of a supposed Proto-Indo-European *(s)keb- yields no formal cognates, in addition to containing a final *-b. Kroonen tentatively supports Lehmann's suggestion of derivation from *skappōną (“to scrape”), itself the iterative form of *skabaną (“to shave, scrape”). The semantic shift from "to scrape, hollow out" > "to form" is reasonable, albeit not very trivial. Compare also Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍃 (ufarskafts, “first fruits”), which appears to be a derivative of *skapjaną.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈskɑp.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skapjaną

1. to make, to create
2. to shape

Inflection

Conjugation of *skapjaną (strong class 6 j-present)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skapjō	*skapjaų	—	*skapjai	?
2nd singular	*skapisi	*skapjais	*skapi	*skapjasai	*skapjaisau
3rd singular	*skapiþi	*skapjai	*skapjaþau	*skapjaþai	*skapjaiþau
1st dual	*skapjōs	*skapjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*skapjaþiz	*skapjaiþiz	*skapjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*skapjamaz	*skapjaim	—	*skapjanþai	*skapjainþau
2nd plural	*skapiþ	*skapjaiþ	*skapiþ	*skapjanþai	*skapjainþau
3rd plural	*skapjanþi	*skapjain	*skapjanþau	*skapjanþai	*skapjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skōp	*skōpį̄
2nd singular	*skōft	*skōpīz
3rd singular	*skōp	*skōpī
1st dual	*skōpū	*skōpīw
2nd dual	*skōpudiz	*skōpīdiz
1st plural	*skōpum	*skōpīm
2nd plural	*skōpud	*skōpīd
3rd plural	*skōpun	*skōpīn
	present	past
participles	*skapjandz	*skapanaz

Derived terms

• *gaskapjaną
• *-skapiz
• *skapą

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *skappjan
  • Old English: sċieppan, sċyppan, sċippan
    • Middle English: scheppen, schippen, schappen, schapen
      • English: shape
      • Scots: schape, schaipe
  • Old Frisian: skeppa
    • Saterland Frisian: skäppe, schäppe
    • West Frisian: skeppe
  • Old Saxon: skeppian
    • Middle Low German: scheppen
      • Low German: schapen
  • Old Dutch: skeppen
    • Middle Dutch: scheppen
      • Dutch: scheppen
        • Afrikaans: skep
      • Limburgish: sjape
  • Old High German: scafan, skaffan, scaphan, skepfen, scephen
    • Middle High German: schaffen, schepfen
      • Alemannic German: schaffe

        Swabian: schaffa

      • German: schöpfen (archaic), schaffen
        • → Low German: schaffen
        • → Dutch: schaffen
          • Afrikaans: skaf
        • → Saterland Frisian: skafje, schafje
        • → Danish: skaffe
        • → Faroese: skaffa
        • → Norwegian Bokmål: skaffe
        • → Norwegian Nynorsk: skaffe, skaffa
        • → Swedish: skaffa
      • Luxembourgish: schafen
      • Yiddish: שעפּן (shepn)
• Old Norse: skapa, skepja
  • Icelandic: skapa, skepja
  • Faroese: skapa
  • Norwegian Bokmål: skape
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: skape, skapa
  • Old Swedish: skapa
    • Swedish: skapa
  • Danish: skabe
• Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaskapjan) (from *gaskapjaną)
• Vandalic: *skapjan, scapia