Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/deyḱ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*deyḱ- (imperfective)^[1]^[2]

to point out, to show

Reconstruction notes

The Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture suggests that the original meaning of the term was "something that is fixed; norm, rule." The notion of "speaking" may have emerged from oral recounts of social customs and laws. The original sense of a "point fixed in place" was perhaps associated with objects from which one may determine their position and therefore gather directions. Moreover, according to the EIEC, this same concept of a "fixed point" developed—in some daughter languages—to describe general areas of land.^[3]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *deyḱ- (72 c, 0 e)

*déyḱ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*deyḱ-néw-ti (full-grade new-present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *deiknéumi
  - Ancient Greek: δείκνῡμι (deíknūmi), thematicized δεικνύω (deiknúō)

*dḗyḱ-s-t ~ *déyḱ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

*diḱ-é-ti (“tudati-type thematic root present”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dićáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diśáti
    - Sanskrit: दिशति (diśáti)

*doyḱ-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *taikijaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dayćáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dayśáyati
    - Sanskrit: देशयति (deśayati)

*deyḱ-ó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dayćás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dayśás
    - Sanskrit: देश (deśá) (see there for further descendants)

*déyḱ-mn̥ ~ *diḱ-mén-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *déikmə
  - Ancient Greek: δεῖγμα (deîgma) (see there for further descendants)

*déyḱ-s ~ *diḱ-és
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *díćš ~ *dićás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *díṭṣ ~ *diśás
    - Sanskrit: दिश् (diś)
- Proto-Italic: *-diks
  - Latin: *-dex
    - ⇒ Latin: in-dex, iū-dex, vin-dex (see there for further descendants)

*díḱ-eh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *díkā
  - Ancient Greek: δίκη (díkē) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: δικαίωμα (dikaíōma)
      - Greek: δικαίωμα (dikaíoma)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *díćaH
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *díśaH
    - Sanskrit: दिशा (díśā, “direction”) (see there for further descendants)

*diḱ-tós
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dištás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diṣṭás
    - Sanskrit: दिष्ट (diṣṭá)
- Proto-Italic: *diktos
  - Latin: dictus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *taihwǭ, *taikną (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *digitos
- Latin: digitus (see there for further descendants)
>? Lithuanian: daiktas

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: दिश् (diś)

References

^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], 1st edition, Oxford: University Press, →ISBN
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *dei̯k̑-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 108-109
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*deik̂-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 159