Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂eḱ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*h₂eḱ-

sharp

Derived terms[edit]

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eḱ-

*h₂eḱ-éh₁-ye-ti
- Proto-Italic: *akēō
  - Latin: aceō
*h₂ḱ-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *akā́
  - Ancient Greek: ἀκή (akḗ)
*h₂(e)ḱ-i-
- Proto-Hellenic: *akís
  - Ancient Greek: ἀκίς (akís)
- Italic:
  - Latin: aciēs, acia (see there for further descendants)
*h₂ḱ-ró-s (“sharp”)
*h₂eḱ-i-l-o-^[1]^[2] or *h₂eḱ-l-^[3]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ասեղն (asełn)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aśilos or *aśelos
  - Proto-Slavic: *osьla̋^[4] or *osla̋^[5]
    - East Slavic:
      - Russian: осело́к (oselók)
    - South Slavic:
      - Old Church Slavonic: осла (osla, “whetstone”)
    - West Slavic:
      - Slovak: osla (“whetstone”)
      - Slovene: ósla
      - Polish: osełka (“whetstone”)
- Proto-Germanic: *agilaz (“awn”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-West Germanic: *agil (see there for further descendants)
*h₂ḱ-méh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *akmā́
  - Ancient Greek: ἀκμή (akmḗ) (see there for further descendants)
*h₂éḱ-mō ~ *h₂ḱ-m̥n-és (“stone”)
*h₂éḱ-os ~ *h₂éḱ-es-os (s-stem)^[1]
- Proto-Italic: *akos
  - Latin: acus (“bran, chaff”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *ahaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *ákos
  - Ancient Greek: -ήκης (-ḗkēs)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: τανυήκης (tanuḗkēs, “having a long/thin edge/point”)
- Proto-Tocharian: *āke
  - Tocharian A: āk
  - Tocharian B: āke
*h₂eḱ-(o)n-eh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *ahanō ~ *aganō (“awn, chaff”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: agna (“blade/ear of grain”)
*h₂eḱru (“tear (of the eyes)”)
*h₂eḱ-stí-^[6]^[7]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *akstis^[8] or *aśtis^[9]
  - Eastern Baltic:
    - Latvian: aksts (“prickle, sharp point”)
    - Lithuanian: akstìs (“spit, thorn, prick”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *ȏstь (“sharp point, spike; awn; fishbone”)
    - East Slavic:
      - Russian: ость (ostʹ)
    - West Slavic:
      - Czech: osť (dialectal)
      - Polish: ość
      - Slovak: osť
    - South Slavic:
      - Serbo-Croatian: ȍsti (pl.), ȍstve (pl.)
      - Slovene: ǫ̂st
  - ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *akstinas^[10] or *aśtinas^[11] (“sharp point, prickle; pointed stick for driving cattle”)
    - Eastern Baltic:
      - Latvian: akstins
      - Lithuanian: ãkstinas
    - Proto-Slavic: *ostь̀nъ (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *akstīno- (“furze, gorse”)^[7]^[12]^[13]
  - Old Irish: aitten
  - ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *akstīnā (collective)^[7]
    - Proto-Brythonic:
      - Old Breton: ethin
      - Old Cornish: eythin
        Cornish: eythin
      - Welsh: eithin
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: āśce (possibly)^[13]
*h₂eḱ-stu-
- Proto-Italic: *akstus
  - Latin: astus
    - ⇒ Latin: astūtus (see there for further descendants)
*h₂eḱ-u-^[1]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ašus
  - Latvian: ass (“sharp”), ašs (“swift”)
- Proto-Italic: *akus
  - Latin: acus (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Latin: acuō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: akwam
  - Tocharian B: akwatse
*h₂óḱ-et-s (“harrow”)
*h₂óḱ-ri-s (“sharp edge, protrusion”)
*h₂oḱ-yéh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *agjō (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Albanian: ath, eh, thua
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հասկ (hask) (possibly)
  - Armenian: ոսի (osi) (possibly)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὀξύς (oxús)
    - Greek: οξύς (oxýs)
- Iranian:
  - Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬏𐬭𐬀‎ (asūra, “point”)
  - Khotanese: [script needed] (aśäjä, “sharp; stony”)
  - Parthian: (/bōδāžār/, “sharp-smell; spices”)
    Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (bwdʾcʾr)
    - → Classical Persian: بوزار‎ (bōzār, “hot spices”) (only used for pepper, cinnamon, etc.)
  - Persian: آچار‎ (âčâr, “pickle, marinade”)
  - Pashto: اښار‎ (āẍār, “acidic; sour; pickle; sadman”)
  - Classical Persian: آژیخ‎ (āžīx, “solid tears ,rheum”) (perhaps from *āsikah)
  - Classical Persian: آژدف‎ (āždaf, “an acidic fruit, medlar”), ازدف‎ (azdaf)

Compounds[edit]

*h₂ḱ-h₂ows-yé-ti (“to be sharp-eared”)

References[edit]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*h₂ek̂-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 287–300
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*ahila- ~ *agila-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 5
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “aseɫn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 115–117
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*osьla”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 381
^ Snoj, Marko (2003) Slovenski etimološki slovar, Ljubljana: Modrijan
^ Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*hₐek̂stí-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 165
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*axto-, *axtīno-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 50–51
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “akstis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 48
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ȏstь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 380
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “akstinas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 48
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ostь̀nъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 380
^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “eithin”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “āśce”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 61

[NIL-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*h₂ek̂-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 287–300

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*ahila- ~ *agila-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 5

[3] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “aseɫn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 115–117

[4] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*osьla”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 381

[5] Snoj, Marko (2003) Slovenski etimološki slovar, Ljubljana: Modrijan

[6] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*hₐek̂stí-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 165

[EDPC-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*axto-, *axtīno-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 50–51

[8] Derksen, Rick (2015), “akstis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 48

[9] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ȏstь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 380

[10] Derksen, Rick (2015), “akstinas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 48

[11] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ostь̀nъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 380

[12] R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “eithin”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

[DTB-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “āśce”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 61

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