Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kes-

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See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱes-
 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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    Root

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    *kes-[1][2]

    1. to scrape, comb

    Extensions

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    • *ks-dʰh₁-[1]
      • *kés-dʰh₁-eh₂[3]
        • Proto-Germanic: *hezdǭ (“flax fibers”)[3]
          • Proto-West Germanic: *heʀdā (see there for further descendants)
      • *kos-dʰh₁-ós[3]
        • Proto-Germanic: *hazdaz (“hair”)[3] (see there for further descendants)

    Derived terms

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    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kes- (10 c, 0 e)
    • *kés-ti ~ *ks-énti (athematic root present)[2][3][4]
    • *ks-néw-ti ~ *ks-nw-énti (*néw-present)[1][5][6] (see there for further descendants)
    • *kes-/*kos-yé-ti (yé-fientive)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *késtei
        • Lithuanian: kàsti
        • Proto-Slavic: *česàti (“to scratch, comb”)[7] (see there for further descendants)
    • *kos-éye-ti (*éye-causative)[3]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasīˀtei
        • Proto-Slavic: *kositi (“to mow”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *kés-r̥ ~ *ks-én-s
      • *ksen- (reanalysed root)[8][9]
      • ⇒
        • >? Proto-Albanian: *kasra > *kāra[10]
          • Albanian: korr (“to harvest, reap”)
      • ⇒ *ke-ks-r-éh₂ (with reduplication of the root)
        • >? Proto-Celtic: *kīsrā (“comb”) (possibly < *kēsrā < *kexsrā)[11]
          • Old Irish: cír (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ *kes-ró-m
        • >? Proto-Germanic: *hērą (“hair”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *kés-s ~ *ks-és
      • *kses- (reanalysed root)[1]
        • *ksés-ti (athematic present)[1][12]
          • Proto-Hellenic: *kséhō
            • Ancient Greek: ξέω (xéō, “to shave, carve, smooth, polish”)
        • *kses-tós (verbal adjective)
    • *kés-u-s ~ *ks-éw-s
    • *kos-éh₂[3]
      • Proto-Albanian: *kaxā (“plaited hair”)[13]
        • Albanian: kezë (“woman’s head-dress, bonnet, hair-net”)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasā́ˀ[14]
        • Latvian: kasa (“braid”)
        • Lithuanian: kasà (“braid”)
        • Old Prussian: kexti (“braided hair”)
        • Proto-Slavic: *kosà (“hair, braided hair”) (see there for further descendants)
      • *kos-eh₂-yé-ti ~ *kos-eh₂-yónti[2]
    • *kós-mo-s[16]
    • (possibly)[17] *kos-ó-s

    References

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    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “kes-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 585
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*kes-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 357
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hezdōn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 225
    4. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “kiš-zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 557-558
    5. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “novācula”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 414-415
    6. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*snawwa-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 461
    7. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “kasti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 231
    8. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ks-en-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 585
    9. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ksen-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 371
    10. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “korr”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 192
    11. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kīsrā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 204
    12. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ξέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1035
    13. ^ The template Template:R:sq:Orel:2000 does not use the parameter(s): 
      head=*kaxā
      Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.      Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎[3], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 61
    14. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “kasa”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 230-231
    15. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “kasyti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 231
    16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “*kosmъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 238-239
    17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 The template Template:R:sq:Orel:2000 does not use the parameter(s): 
      head=*kaxa
      Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.      Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎[4], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 61
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