Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/séh₂ls

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Noun

*séh₂ls

salt

Declension

Athematic, proterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*séh₂ls
genitive	*sh₂lés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*séh₂ls	—	—
vocative	*séh₂l	—	—
accusative	*séh₂lm̥	—	—
genitive	*sh₂lés	—	—
ablative	*sh₂lés	—	—
dative	*sh₂léy	—	—
locative	sh₂él, sh₂éli	—	—
instrumental	*sh₂léh₁	—	—

Alternative reconstructions

*sáls^[1]^[2]

Derived terms

Unsorted formations:
- Old Armenian: քաղցր (kʻałcʻr) (partially)
- Proto-Germanic: *sultijō (“brine; saltmarsh”)

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *śālā (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Albanian: * ̊śali(m)-
- Albanian: ngjelmë (“salty”)
Proto-Albanian: *en-salima
- Albanian: ngjelmët (“salty, briny”)
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: աղ (ał)
- Old Armenian: աղտ (ałt) < *séh₂ld-
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *salˀdus (from *sh₂el-d-u-s or *sh₂l-d-u-s), *sāˀlis
- Latgalian: sõļs, solds, soldons
- Latvian: sāls, salds
- Old Prussian: sal
- Lithuanian: saldus, sálti (“sweeten”)
- Proto-Slavic: *solь (see there for further descendants), *soldъ (“malt”) (see there for further descendants), *soldъkъ (“sweet”) (see there for further descendants)
  - → Proto-Iranian: *solH (“salt”)
    - Zazaki: sol (“salt”)
    - Northern Kurdish: solin (“salt”), sû (“saltless”)
Proto-Celtic: *sālos (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *saleinos (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *saltą (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *hā́ls (see there for further descendants)
Indo-Iranian:
- Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: सलिल (salila, “water”)
    - → Bengali: সলিল (śolil)
- Iranian
  - Persian: هلتاک (haltâk, “salty yoghurt”), هلث (halþ~halt, “salty, salty food”)
Proto-Italic: *sāls (see there for further descendants)
Tocharian:
- Tocharian A: sāle
- Tocharian B: salyiye
→ Proto-Uralic: (independent loans from early Indo-European at least in Finno-Permic and Ob-Ugric;^[3] common Finno-Permic *sala is sometimes reconstructed^[4])
- Proto-Ugric:
  - Khanty:
    - Eastern Khanty: салнә (salnə)
    - Northern Khanty: сӑл (săl)
- Proto-Permic:
  - Komi:
    - Komi-Permyak: сов (sov), сол (sol)
    - Komi-Zyrian: сов (sov)
  - Udmurt: сылал (sylal)
- Mari:
  - Eastern Mari: шинчал (šinčal)
- Proto-Mordvinic:
  - Erzya: сал (sal)
  - Moksha: сал (sal)
- Proto-Finnic: *soola (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 11
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 586-590
^ Joki, Aulis J. (1973), Uralier und Indogermanen [Uralians and Indo-Europeans] (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia; 151) (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, →ISBN
^ Rédei, Károly (1986–88), Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Uralic Etymological Dictionary] (in German), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó

[1] Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 11

[2] Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 586-590

[3] Joki, Aulis J. (1973), Uralier und Indogermanen [Uralians and Indo-Europeans] (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia; 151) (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, →ISBN

[4] Rédei, Károly (1986–88), Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Uralic Etymological Dictionary] (in German), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó

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