Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/kʰáras

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Etymology tree

the BMAC substratebor.?

Proto-Indo-Iranian *kʰáras

Unknown; possibly borrowed from the BMAC substrate.^[1] Probably not related to Akkadian 𒀲𒄩𒀀𒊏𒄠 (ḫa-a-ra-am /⁠ḫārum⁠/, “male ass, foal”), 𒀲𒀀𒅀𒊏𒄠 (a-ia-ra-am /⁠ayarum⁠/, “donkey”),^[2] likely borrowed from Proto-West Semitic *ʕayr- (“ass”).^[3] Compare, however, Albanian kërr, and possibly Proto-East Cushitic *ħarr+ (c.f. Sidamo harre).

Noun

*kʰáras m^[4]

donkey

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kʰáras	*kʰárā(w)	*kʰárās(as)
vocative	*kʰára	*kʰárā(w)	*kʰárās(as)
accusative	*kʰáram	*kʰárā(w)	*kʰárāns
instrumental	*kʰáraH	*kʰáraybʰyā(m)	*kʰárāyš
ablative	*kʰárāt	*kʰáraybʰyā(m)	*kʰáraybʰyas
dative	*kʰárāy	*kʰáraybʰyā(m)	*kʰáraybʰyas
genitive	*kʰárasya	*kʰárayās	*kʰárānaHam
locative	*kʰáray	*kʰárayaw	*kʰárayšu

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kʰáras
- Sanskrit: खर (khára)
  - Pali: khara
  - Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀔𑀭 (khara)
    - Gujarati: ખર (khar)
    - Hindi: खर (khar)
Proto-Iranian: *xárah
- Central Iranian:
  - Younger Avestan: 𐬑𐬀𐬭𐬀 (xara)
- Northeastern Iranian:
  - Proto-Scythian:
    - Ossetian: хӕрӕг (xæræg)
    - Proto-Saka-Wakhi:
      - Khotanese: 𑀔𑀭𑀸 (kharā /⁠kharä⁠/)
        → Tocharian B: [Term?] (khare)
      - Wakhi: (/⁠xūr⁠/)
        Arabic script: خؤر
        
        Cyrillic script: хур (xur)
  - Sogdo-Bactrian:
    - Bactrian: χαρο (kharo /⁠xar⁠/)
    - Khwarezmian: خر (xr /⁠*xar⁠/)
    - Sogdian: (/⁠xar⁠/)
      Sogdian script: γ𐽀 (γr)
      
      Syriac script: ܓܪ (γr)
    - Yaghnobi: хар (xar)
- Southeastern Iranian:
  - Ormuri-Parachi:
    - Ormuri: خر (xar)
    - Parachi: کهؤر (khṏr)
  - Pamiri languages:
    - Ishkashimi: [script needed] (xur)
    - Sanglechi: [script needed] (xōr)
    - Munji: خره (xara)
    - Yidgha: خورُ (xoro)
    - Sarikoli: [script needed] (šer)
    - Shughni:
      Bartangi: шу̊р (šū̊r)
      
      Roshani: шор (šōr)
    - Yazghulami: хур (xur)
  - Pashto: خر (xar), خره (xrë, pl.)
- Northwestern Iranian:
  - Baluchi: ہر (har)
  - Kurdish:
    Central Kurdish: که‌ر (ker /⁠kar⁠/)
    
    Northern Kurdish: ker (/⁠kar⁠/)
    
    Southern Kurdish: خه‌ر (xer /⁠xar⁠/)
    
    Laki: خه‌ر (xer /⁠xar⁠/)
  - Proto-Medo-Parthian:
    - Parthian: (/⁠xar⁠/)
      Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭇𐭌𐭓𐭀 (ḤMRA)
      
      Manichaean script: *𐫟𐫡 (*xr)
      - > Parthian: 𐫟𐫡𐫀𐫉𐫗 (xrʾzn /⁠xarāzan⁠/, “donkey-goad”) (Cf. with Parthian 𐫃𐫇𐫀𐫉 (gwʾz /⁠gawāz⁠/, “(ox-)goad”))
        → Old Armenian: խար-ազան (xar-azan, “donkey-goad”) (Cf. with Old Armenian գաւ-ազան (gaw-azan, “stick for driving animals”))
        
        → Classical Persian: خرازه (xarāza, “large penis”) (perhaps)
    - Gurani: ھەر (har)
    - Zazaki: her (har)
    - Talysh:
      Northern Talysh: هه (ha)
    - Karingani: هر (har)
- Southwestern Iranian:
  - Old Persian: *𐎧𐎼 (*x-r /⁠*xara⁠/)
    Old Persian: *𐎧𐎼𐎱𐎫 (*x-r-p-t /⁠*xarapati⁠/, “donky's owner”)
    - → Elamite: [script needed] (qarabatti)
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠xar⁠/, “donkey”)
      Manichaean script: 𐫟𐫡 (xr)
      
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (HMRA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hl)
      
      Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭧𐭬𐭥𐭠 (ḤMRA)
      - Classical Persian: خر (xar, “donkey, ass”)
        Dari: خر (xar)
        
        Iranian Persian: خر (xar)
        
        Tajik: хар (xar)
        
        → Azerbaijani: xər/ خر (xər /⁠xar⁠/)
        
        → Ottoman Turkish: خر (hır)
        Turkish: har
      - Lurish:
        Bakhtiari: خر (xar), هر (har)

References

^ Witzel, Michael (2003), Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia (Sino-Platonic Papers; 129)‎^[1], Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, page 29
^ Schmitt, Rüdiger (2017–2018), “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Indo-Iranian, page 1948
^ “ḫāru”, in The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (CAD)‎^[2], volume 6, Ḫ, Chicago: University of Chicago Oriental Institute, 1956, page 118
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[Witzel-1] Witzel, Michael (2003), Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia (Sino-Platonic Papers; 129)‎^[1], Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, page 29

[2] Schmitt, Rüdiger (2017–2018), “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Indo-Iranian, page 1948

[3] “ḫāru”, in The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (CAD)‎^[2], volume 6, Ḫ, Chicago: University of Chicago Oriental Institute, 1956, page 118

[4] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

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