Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wardah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

Cognate with Sanskrit वर्ध (várdha, “increasing”), Sanskrit वृध् (vṛ́dh, “growth”).

Noun

*wardah m

1. flower, rose
2. shrub

Inflection

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*úštrah	*úštrā	*úštrā
vocative	*úštra	*úštrā	*úštrā
accusative	*úštram	*úštrā	*úštrānh
instrumental	*úštrā	*úštraybyaH	*úštrāyš
ablative	*úštrāt	*úštraybyaH	*úštraybyah
dative	*úštrāy	*úštraybyaH	*úštraybyah
genitive	*úštrahya	*úštrayāh	*úštrānam
locative	*úštray	*úštrayaw	*úštrayšu

Alternative reconstructions

• *wr̥dah

Descendants

• Central Iranian:
  • Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (var^əδa, “rose, shrub”)
• Northeastern Iranian:
  • Proto-Scythian: *wardi
    • Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *wardi
      • Khotanese: [script needed] (vala, “rose”)
  • Sogdo-Bactrian:
    • Khwarezmian: [script needed] pl (wrδc, “flower”)
    • Sogdian: (/⁠ward⁠/, “rose”)

      Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫡𐫔𐫎𐫏𐫏 pl (wrδṯyy)

      Sogdian script: 𐼴𐽀𐼹 (wrδ)

• Southeastern Iranian:
  • Pashto: *wāray
    • ⇒ Pashto: پلواری (palwāray, “tea rose”), پلواړی (palwāṛay)
  • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *wurdīgæ
    • Proto-Munji-Yidgha: [Term?] (“shrub”)
      • Munji: [script needed] (wulīɣa)
      • Yidgha: [script needed] (wulyeɣo)
• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Central Kurdish: گوڵ (gull, “flower”)
  • Medo-Parthian:
    • Middle Median: *wāl
      • Semnani: [script needed] (väl), [script needed] (välä)
      • Tati: [Term?] (vel)
    • Parthian: 𐫇𐫀𐫡 (wʾr /⁠wār⁠/, “flower”)
• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Old Persian: *vr̥dah
    • Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gwl), [Book Pahlavi needed] (WLTʾ /⁠gul⁠/)
      • Classical Persian: گل (ɡul)
        • Dari: گل (gul)
        • Iranian Persian: گل (gol) (see there for further descendants)
        • Tajik: гул (gul)
          • → Sarikoli: gəl
          • → Shughni: гул (gul)
        • → Gilaki: گل (gul)
        • → Ishkashimi: gul
        • → Northern Kurdish: gul
        • → Parachi: ګل (gul)
        • → Pashto: ګل (gul)
        • → Sanglechi: gɛl
        • → Shahmirzadi: [script needed] (gel)
        • → Wakhi: gul, gыl
        • → Yazghulami: г̊ол (g̊ol)
        • → Yidgha: گل (gul)
    • → Aramaic:

      Imperial Aramaic: 𐡅𐡀𐡓𐡃𐡀 (wardā, wurdā)

      Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: ורדא (wardā, wurdā)

      • Classical Syriac: ܘܪܕܐ (wardā)
      • → Arabic: وَرْد (ward)
      • → Hebrew: וֶרֶד (vered)
    • → Old Armenian: վարդ (vard)
      • Armenian: վարդ (vard)
      • →? Georgian: ვარდი (vardi)
    • → Ancient Greek: ῥόδον (rhódon), βρόδον (bródon); ϝρόδον (wródon)
      • Greek: ρόδο (ródo)
      • ⇒ New Latin: rhodium (see there for further descendants)
      • →? Oscan:
        • →? Latin: rosa (see there for further descendants)