Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yaŋgak

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

From an unknown verb Proto-Turkic *yaŋ- +‎ *-gak.

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *jixag (“walnut”). Compared also Proto-Tungusic *ńaŋta (“cone, nut, fruit stone”), Orok [script needed] (naŋu-, “to crack nuts”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*yaŋgak

1. walnut

Declension

Declension of *yaŋgak

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*yaŋgak
Accusative	*yaŋgakïg, *yaŋgaknï1)
Genitive	*yaŋgaknïŋ
Dative	*yaŋgakka
Locative	*yaŋgakda
Ablative	*yaŋgakdan
Allative	*yaŋgakgaru
Instrumental 2)	*yaŋgakïn
Equative 2)	*yaŋgakča
Similative 2)	*yaŋgaklayu
Comitative 2)	*yaŋgaklïgu

¹⁾ Originally only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • → Old Hungarian: gyivó
    • Hungarian: dió
• Common Turkic:

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: yağâq
• Oghuz:
  • Turkish: yangak (dialectal, Elazığ, Sivas)
  • Turkmen: ýaňak
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: یَغاقْ (yağak)
    • Chagatai: یانگغاق (yaŋǧaq), یانگاق (yaŋaq)
      • Uzbek: yongʻoq
      • Uyghur: ياڭاق (ya'ngaq)
• Kipchak:
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Karakalpak: janggʻak
      • Kazakh: жаңғақ (jañğaq)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: жаңгак (jaŋgak)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰍𐰴 (yağaq)

See also

Foods - *yẹ̄miĺčler, *yẹ̄miĺčsāyïn
Barley	barley: *arpa	Pea	beans, peas: *burčak	Wheat	farro, wheat: *bugday
Jujube	jujube: *yidge	Strawberry	strawberry: *yidgelek	Apple	apple: *almïla
Hazelnuts	hazelnut: *bōńurï	Walnuts	walnut: *yaŋgak	Honey	honey: *bạl
Millet	millet: *tạrïg	Onion	onion: *sōgun	Salt	salt: *tūŕ
Egg	egg: *yumurtka	Butter	butter: *yāg	Mushroom	mushroom: *kömbe
Radish	radish: *turp, *turma	Carrot	carrot: *turma

References

• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*jAŋgak”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill