User:Mårtensås/inscriptions

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List of Proto-Norse inscriptions, for easy creation of new entries and normalisation of translations. Roughly sorted by age.

ᚱᚨᚢᛞᚨᛉ (raudaʀ), ᚱᚨᚢᛞᚨᛉ

Pre-transitional[edit]

Thorsberg chape[edit]

    • c. 200 AD, Thorsberg chape, found near Süderbrarup, Germany.
      ᛟᚹᛚᚦᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ ¶ ᚾᛁᚹᚨᛃᛖᛗᚨᚱᛁᛉ
      owlþuþewaʀ ¶ niwajemariʀ
      Wolþuþewaʀ, ni wajēmāriʀ.
      Wolþuþewaz, not ill-famed [well-renowned].

Dating[edit]

All letter varieties of the oldest type.

Words[edit]

Nøvling brooch[edit]

    • 210–240, Nøvling brooch (DK NJy 48):
      ᛒᛁᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉᛏᚨᛚᚷᛁᛞᚨᛁ
      bidawarijaʀtalgidai
      Bidawarijaz carved

Dating[edit]

Archeological dating 210–240. j extended to full vertical height; all other letters of oldest type. Possibly hypercorrective ending -ai rather than -e.

Words[edit]

Einang stone[edit]

    • c. 4th century, Einang Stone:
      [ᛖᚲᚷᛟ]ᛞᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉᚱᚢᚾᛟᚠᚨᛁᚺᛁᛞᛟ
      [ekgo]dagastizrunofaihido
      [ek Go]dagastiz rūnō faihidō
      [I, Go]dagastiz, painted [the] rune

Dating[edit]

All letter varieties of the oldest type, non-collapsed -aih- cluster, singular "rune" (= inscription).

Words[edit]

Hogganvik stone[edit]

Tracing of the stone
    • c. 150 CE – 400 CE, Hogganvik stone :
      ᚲᛖᛚᛒᚨᚦᛖᚹᚨᛊ᛬ᛊ[ᛏ]ᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ᛬ᚨᚨᚨᛊᚱᛈᚲᚠ ¶ ᛖᚲᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ ¶ ᛖᚲᛖᚱᚨᚠᚨᛉ ¶ ᚨᚨᚱᛈᚨᚨ᛬ᛁᚾᚨᚾᚨᚾᚨᛒᛟᛉ
      kelbaþewas᛬s[t]ainaʀ᛬aaasrpkf ¶ eknaudigastiʀ ¶ ekerafaʀ ¶ aarpaa᛬inananaboʀ
      /[s]kelbaþewas stainaʀ. aaasrpkf. Ek Naudigastiʀ, ek Erᵃfaʀ. aarpaa. Innana nabōʀ./
      [s]kelbaþewaz' stone. aaarspkf. I, Need-guest, I the wolverine. aarpaa. From within the nave.

Dating[edit]

All letter varieties of the oldest type. p-rune.

Words[edit]

Kalleby/Tanum stone[edit]

Photograph of the Kalleby stone
    • c. 4th century, Kalleby Runestone:
      ᚦᚱᚨᚹᛁᛃᚨᚾ ᛫ ᚺᚨᛁᛏᛁᚾᚨᛉᚹᚨᛊ
      þrawijan ᛫ haitinazwas
      þrawijan haitinaz was
      þrawija's [stone] ᛫ [he/it] was commanded/called

Dating[edit]

All letter varieties of the oldest type.

Words[edit]

Opedal runestone[edit]

    • 3rd-5th century, inscription on the Opedal Rune Stone:
      ᛚᛖᚢᛒᚢᛗᛖᛉ᛬ᚹᚨᚷᛖ ¶ ᛒᛁᚱᚷᛜᚷᚢᛒᛟᚱᛟᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱᛗᛁᚾᚢ
      leubumez:wage ¶ birgŋguboroswestarminu
      Leubu mez, Wagē. Birg Ingubōrō swestar mīnu!
      [she is] dear to me, Wagaʀ. My sister, help Ingubora!

Dating[edit]

Older e-rune, ŋ standing for /iŋg/

Words[edit]

Tune stone[edit]

    • Tune stone
      ᛖᚲᚹᛁᚹᚨᛉᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ᛫ᚹᛟᛞᚢᚱᛁ ¶ ᛞᛖᚹᛁᛏᚨᛞᚨᚺᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᚾ᛬ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ᛬ᚱ[ ] ¶ [ ]ᛉᚹᛟᛞᚢᚱᛁᛞᛖ᛬ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ᛬ ¶ ᚦᚱᛁᛃᛟᛉᛞᛟᚺᛏᚱᛁᛉᛞᚨᛚᛁᛞᚢᚾ ¶ ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨᚱᛃᛟᛊᛏᛖᛉᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨᚾᛟ
      ekwiwazafter᛫woduri ¶ dewitadahalaiban᛬worahto᛬r[ ] ¶ [ ]zwoduride᛬stainaz᛬ ¶ þrijozdohtrizdalidun ¶ arbijarjostezarbijano
      Ek Wīwaz after Wōdurīdē witandahᵃlaiban worᵃhtō r... ...z Wōdurīdē stainaz þrijōz dohtrīz dālidun, arbijarjōstēz arbijanō.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Dating[edit]

Younger e-rune.

Words[edit]

Strøm whetstone[edit]

    • Strøm whetstone
      ᚹᚨᛏᛖᚺᚨᛚᛁᚺᛁᚾᛟᚺᛟᚱᚾᚨ ¶ ᚺᚨᚺᚨᛋᚴᚨᚦᛁᚺᚨᚦᚢᛚᛁᚷᛁ
      watehalihinohorna ¶ hahaskaþihaþuligi
      Wātē halli hinō, horna! ¶ Haha skaþī, haþu ligī!
      Wet this stone, horn! Scythe, scathe! hay, lie!

Dating[edit]

Younger k and e. hino is the earliest attestation of Old Norse hinn.

Words[edit]

Vetteland stone[edit]

    • Vetteland stone
      [ ]ᚠᛚᚨᚷᛞᚨᚠᚨᛁᚲᛁᚾᚨᛉᛁᛊᛏ ¶ [ ]ᛗᚨᚷᛟᛉᛗᛁᚾᚨᛊᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨ ¶ [ ]ᛞᚨᛉᚠᚨᛁᚺᛁᛞᛟ
      [ ]flagdafaikinazist ¶ [ ]magozminasstaina ¶ [ ]dazfaihido
      [ ]flagdafaikinaz ist. [ ]magōz mīnas staina. [ ]daz faihidō
      ... is betrayed by a troll-woman. ... my son's stone. ...daz painted

Dating[edit]

Uncollapsed /aih/-cluster. All runes of oldest type. Left-to-right.

Words[edit]

Kjølevik stone[edit]

    • 3rd-6th century, inscription on the Kjølevik Stone (KJ75, NIæR19):
      ᚺᚨᛞᚢᛚᚨᛁᚲᚨᛉ ¶ ᛖᚲᚺᚨᚷᚢᛊᛏᚨᛞᚨᛉ ¶ ᚺᛚᚨᚨᛁᚹᛁᛞᛟᛗᚨᚷᚢᛗᛁᚾᛁᚾᛟ
      hadulaikaz ¶ ekhagustadaz ¶ hlaaiwidomaguminino
      Hadulaikaz. ek Hagustaldaz hlaiwidō magu mīninō
      Hadulaikaz [lies here]. I, Hagustaldaz, buried my son

Words[edit]

Gallehus horn[edit]

The inscription, cropped from a 1734 drawing
    • 400s, inscription on the younger Gallehus horn
      ᛖᚲᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ᛬ᚺᛟᛚᛏᛁᛃᚨᛉ᛬ᚺᛟᚱᚾᚨ᛬ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛟ᛬
      ekhlewagastiz᛬holtijaz᛬horna᛬tawido᛬
      ek Hlewagastiz Holtijaz horna tawidō
      I, Hlewagastiz Holtijaz, made [the] horn

Words[edit]

Möjbro stone[edit]

    • c. 4th century, Möjbro Runestone (U877, KJ99)
      ᚠᚱᚨᚹᚨᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ ¶ ᚨᚾᚨᚺᚨᚺᚨᛁᛊᛚᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨ ¶ ᛉ
      frawaradaz ¶ anahahaislagina ¶ z
      Frawarādaz ana hanhē slaginaz
      Frawarādaz, slain on his steed.

Dating[edit]

Possible younger r and s

Words[edit]

Rö stone[edit]

    • 200s-400s inscription on the Rö runestone:
      ᛖᚲᚺᚱᚨᛉᚨᛉᛊᚨᛏᛁᛞᛟᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨ ¶ ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ ¶ ᚨᚾᚨ(2?) ¶ ᛊ[ᚨ]ᛁᚱᚨᚹᛁᛞᚨᛉ ¶ ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉᚠᚨᚺᛁᛞᛟ
      ekhrazazsatidostaina ¶ swabaharjaz ¶ ana(2?) ¶ s[a]irawidaz ¶ stainawarijazfahido
      ek Hrazaz satidō staina ¶ Swabaharjaz ¶ ana... ¶ Sairawīdaz ¶ Stainawārijaz fāhidō
      I, Hrazaz, set the stone. Swabaharjaz ¶ on... ¶ Wound-wide ¶ [I], Stainawārijaz painted

Dating[edit]

All runes of oldest type, archaic name compounds. -aih- > -āh-.

Words[edit]

Stenstad stone[edit]

    • ᛁᚷᛁᛃᛟᚾᚺᚨᛚᚨᛉ
      igijonhalaz
      īgijōn hallaz
      Igijo's stone

Dating[edit]

Full-length j. All others of oldest type.

Words[edit]

Järsberg stone[edit]

Photograph of the Järsberg stone
    • 400s, inscription on the Järsberg Runestone
      ᚺᚨᛁᛏ[ ] ¶ ᛖᚴᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ ¶ ᚱᚢᚾᛟᛉᚹᚨᚱᛁᛏᚢ ¶ [ ]ᚢᛒᚨᛉᚺᛁᛏᛖ᛬ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨᛉ
      hait[ ] ¶ ekerilaz ¶ runozwaritu ¶ [ ]ubazhite᛬harabanaz
      Hait… ¶ Ek erilaz rūnōz wᵃrītu. ¶ …ubaz haitē. Hᵃrabᵃnaz..
      I am called… ¶ I, the erilaz, write the runes. ¶ …ubaz I am called. Raven.

Dating[edit]

Younger k, e and z.

Words[edit]

Noleby stone[edit]

    • 450-500, Noleby Runestone (KJ 67, Vg 63)
      ᚱᚢᚾᛟᚠᚨᚺᛁᚱᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᚴᚢᛞᛟᛏᛟᛡᛖ[ᚴ]ᚨ ¶ ᚢᚾᚨᚦᛟᚢ : ᛊᚢᚺᚢᚱᚨᚺ : ᛊᚢᛊᛁ (ᚺ)-ᛏᛁᚾ ¶ ᚺᚨᚴᚢᚦᛟ
      runofahiraginakudotoje[k]a ¶ unaþou : suhurah : susi(h)—tin ¶ hakuþo
      rūnō fāhi raginakundō tōjeka ...
      I prepare the suitable rune of divine origin

Dating[edit]

Transitional j, but still with sound value /j/ (the only Scandinavian example of this).

Words[edit]

Söderköping stone[edit]

    • 500-550, Söderköping stone (Ög KJ 59)
      ᛖᚴᛡᛋᛁᚷᛁᛗᛡᚱᛡᛉᛡᚠᛋ[ ]ᚴᛡᚱᛡᛁᛋᛁᛞᛟᚴᛡ ¶ ᛋᛏᛡᛁᚾᛡ ¶ [ ]ᛦ ¶ ᚴᚴ'ᚴᛁᛁᛁᛁ'ᚴᚴᚴ
      ekAsigimArAzAfs[ ]kArAisidokA ¶ stAinA ¶ [ ]z ¶ kk'kiiii'kkk
      eka Sigimaraʀ Af[ ]kA raisidōka staina [ ]z ¶ kk ' kiiii ' kkk
      I Sigimaraʀ[ ]I raised ¶ the stone ¶ -z ¶ [unknown cipher]

Dating[edit]

Transitional j, sound value /a/. Y-shape k. Word-final -ō preserved, unstressed syllables preserved (rAisido instead of *rAisto). Arguably the last non-transitional inscription.

Words[edit]

Bracteates[edit]

Tjurkö 1 bracteate[edit]

    • 400s-500s, inscription on the Tjurkö 1 bracteate
      ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖᚱᚢᚾᛟᛉᚨᚾᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᚲᚢᚱᚾᛖ··ᚺᛖᛚᛞᚨᛉᚲᚢᚾᛁᛗᚢᛞᛁᚢ···
      wurterunozanwalhakurne··heldazkunimudiu···
      wurtē rūnōz an walhakurnē, Heldaz Kunimundiu
      Heldaz wrought the runes on the foreign/Roman grain [the gold] for Kunimunduz.

Words[edit]

Trollhättan II bracteate[edit]

Photograph of the Trollhättan II bracteate.
    • 400s-500s, inscription on the Trollhättan II bracteate (/IK 639/)
      ᛖ[ᚴ]ᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ ᛫ ᛗᚨᚱᛁᚦᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉᚺᚨᛁᛏᛖ ᛫ ᚹᚱᚨᛁᛏᚨᛚᚨᚦᛟ ᛫
      e[k]erilaz ᛫ mariþeubazhaite ᛫ wraitalaþo ᛫
      ek erilaz, Mariþeubaz haitē, wraita laþō
      I, the Erilaz, [who] am called sea/glory-thief, wrote an invitation.

Words[edit]

Transitional (Lister stones)[edit]

Istaby stone[edit]

    • 550-600, inscription on the Istaby Runestone (DR 359, KJ98)
      ᛡᚠᚨᛏᛉᚺᛡᚱᛁᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᚨ ¶ ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛉᚺᛡᛖᚱᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛁᛉ ¶ ᚹᚨᚱᛡᛁᛏᚱᚢᚾᛡᛉᚦᛡᛁᛡᛉ
      AfatzhAriwulafa ¶ hAþuwulafzhAeruwulafiz ¶ warAitrunAzþAiAz
      afᵃtr Hariwulᵃfa, Haþuwulᵃfʀ Hearuwulᵃfīʀ, wᵃrait rūnaʀ þaiaʀ
      In memory of Hariwulfʀ, Haþuwulfʀ, the descendant of Hearuwulfʀ, wrote these runes.

Words[edit]

Dating[edit]

This stone shows an orthography different from that of the other three. It is the only known stone by Haþuwulfʀ, although he is mentioned on the Stentoften and Gummarp stones as well.

Gummarp stone[edit]

    • 550-600, inscription on the (now-lost) Gummarp stone (DR 358, KJ95)
      ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛡ ¶ ᛋᛡᛏᛖ ¶ ᛋᛏᛡᛒᛡᚦᚱᛁᚨ ¶ ᚠᚠᚠ
      hAþuwolAfA ¶ sAte ¶ stAbAþria ¶ fff
      Haþuwolᵃfa sattē staβa þrīą: f[ē] f[ē] f[ē]
      [in memory of] Haþuwolfʀ, [N. N.] placed three staves: fff [wealth, wealth, wealth]

Words[edit]

Dating[edit]

Executed by the same carver as the Stentoften stone. Since the orthography is noticably different from the Istaby stone, it can not have been carved by Haþuwulfʀ.

Stentoften stone[edit]

    • 550-600, Stentoften Runestone (DR 357, KJ96)
      ᚾᛁᚢᚺᛡᛒᛟᚱᚢᛗᛦ ¶ ᚾᛁᚢᚺᚨᚷᛖᛋᛏᚢᛗᛦ ¶ ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛦᚷᛡᚠᛃ ¶ ᚺᛡᚱᛁᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛦᛖᛡᚷᛁᚢᛋᚾᚢᚺᚹᛖ ¶ ᚺᛁᛞᛖᛦᚱᚢᚾᛟᚾᛟᚠᛖᛚᛡᚺᛖᚴᛡᚺᛖᛞᛖᚱᛡᚷᛁᚾᛟᚱᛟᚾᛟᛦ ¶ ᚺᛖᚱᛡᛗᛡᛚᛡᛋᛡᛦᛡᚱᛡᚷᛖᚢᚹᛖᛚᛡᛞᚢᛞᛋᛡᚦᛡᛏ ¶ ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ
      niuhAborumz ¶ niuhagestumz ¶ hAþuwolAfzgAfj ¶ hAriwolAfzeAgiusnuhwe ¶ hidezrunonofelAhekAhederAginoronoz ¶ herAmAlAsAzArAgeuwelAdudsAþAt ¶ bAriutiþ
      Nīu haβᵒrumʀ, nīu hągistumʀ, Haþuwolᵃfʀ gaf j[= ār]. Hariwolᵃfʀ [eAgiusnuhwe]. Hiðeʀ rūnō [ru]nō felᵃh-ekᵃ heðera, ginnurūnōʀ. herᵃmalausᵃʀ arᵃgiu, wēladauðē, sa þat bᵃriutiþ.
      By [the sacrifice of] nine bucks, by [the sacrifice of] nine steeds, Haþuwolfʀ gave a good harvest. Hariwolfʀ [undeciphered]. A bright row of runes I conceal here, mighty runes. Defenceless by [reason of] perversity, [condemned] to insidious death, is he [who] breaks this.

Dating[edit]

Executed by the same carver as the Gummarp stone. Since it is noticably different from the Istaby stone, it can not have been carved by Haþuwulfʀ.

Words[edit]

Björketorp stone[edit]

    • ᚺᛡᛁᛞᛉᚱᚢᚾᛟᚱᛟᚾᚢ ¶ ᚠᛡᛚᛡᚺᛡᚴᚺᛡᛁᛞᛖᚱᛡᚷ ¶ ᛁᚾᛡᚱᚢᚾᛡᛉᛡᚱᛡᚷᛖᚢ ¶ ᚺᛡᛖᚱᛡᛗᛡᛚᛡᚢᛋᛉ ¶ ᚢᛏᛁᛡᛉᚹᛖᛚᛡᛞᛡᚢᛞᛖ ¶ ᛋᛡᛉᚦᛡᛏᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ
      hAidzrunoronu ¶ fAlAhAkhAiderAg ¶ inArunAzArAgeu ¶ hAerAmAlAusz ¶ utiAzwelAdAude ¶ sAzþAtbArutz
      haidʀ rūna runū fælᵃhᵃk heðᵉra ginnᵃ-rūnaʀ ærᵃgiu hearᵃmalausʀ ūtē æʀ wēladauðē saʀ þat bᵃrȳtʀ
      a bright rune-row I conceal here, mighty runes. Defenceless by perversity, outside by treacherous death, he who destroys [this monument].
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