bwrw

Middle Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *burɣid, from Proto-Celtic *borgīti (compare Old Irish ·díbairg (“throws”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰorǵʰ-éye-ti, an "eye"-causative form of *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise up, elevate”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈburw/

Verb

bwrw

1. to cast, to throw (off)

   For quotations using this term, see Citations:bwrw.

Conjugation

Inflection of bwrw

	singular			plural			impersonal
	first	second	third	first	second	third
present indicative	byryaf	byry	byr	byrwn	byriwch	byriant	byrir
imperfect indicative	byrwn	byrut	bwryei	byriem	byriewch	byrynt	byrit
preterite	byrieis	byrieist	byriawð	byriassom	byriassawch	byriassant	byriwyt
pluperfect	byriasswn	byriassut	byriassei	byriassem	byriassewch	byriassynt	byriassit
present subjunctive	byriwyf	byrych	byrio	byriom	byrioch	byriont	byryer
imperfect subjunctive	byrwn	byrut	bwryei	byriem	byriewch	byrynt	byrit
imperative	—	byr	byriet	byrwn	byriwch	byrient	byryer
verbal noun	bwrw
verbal adjectives	—
	—

Descendants

• Welsh: bwrw

Mutation

Mutated forms of bwrw

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
bwrw	uwrw / vwrw	mwrw	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Middle Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Welsh

Etymology

From Middle Welsh bwrw, from Proto-Brythonic *burɣid, from Proto-Celtic *borgīti (compare Old Irish ·díbairg (“throws”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰorǵʰ-éye-ti, an "eye"-causative form of *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise up, elevate”).

Pronunciation

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈbʊrʊ/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈbuːru/, /ˈbʊru/
• Rhymes: -ʊrʊ

Verb

bwrw (first-person singular present bwriaf)

1. to cast, to throw

   Synonyms: taflu, lluchio, hyrddio

2. to chuck, to throw away

   Synonym: taflu ymaith

3. to throw down, to overthrow, to overcome

   Synonyms: bwrw i lawr, dymchwel, gorchfygu

4. to hit, to strike

   Synonyms: taro, curo

5. (weather) to precipitate

   Mae hi'n bwrw glaw

   It's raining

   (literally, “It's casting rain”)

6. (of animals) to give birth to, to whelp, calve, etc.

   Synonyms: esgor â, dod â, llydnu, geni

Conjugation

Conjugation of bwrw (literary)

	singular			plural			impersonal
	first	second	third	first	second	third
present indicative/future	bwriaf	bwri	bwria	bwriwn	bwriwch	bwriant	bwrir
imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/conditional	bwriwn	bwrit	bwriai	bwriem	bwriech	bwrient	bwrid
preterite	bwriais	bwriaist	bwriodd	bwriasom	bwriasoch	bwriasant	bwriwyd
pluperfect	bwriaswn	bwriasit	bwriasai	bwriasem	bwriasech	bwriasent	bwriasid, bwriesid
present subjunctive	bwriwyf	bwriech	bwrio	bwriom	bwrioch	bwriont	bwrier
imperative	—	bwra, bwria	bwried	bwriwn	bwriwch	bwrient	bwrier
verbal noun	bwrw
verbal adjectives	bwriedig —

Conjugation of bwrw (colloquial)

inflected colloquial forms	singular			plural
	first	second	third	first	second	third
future	bwria i, bwriaf i	bwri di	bwrith o/e/hi, bwriff e/hi	bwriwn ni	bwriwch chi	bwrian nhw
conditional	bwriwn i, bwriswn i	bwriet ti, bwriset ti	bwriai fo/fe/hi, bwrisai fo/fe/hi	bwrien ni, bwrisen ni	bwriech chi, bwrisech chi	bwrien nhw, bwrisen nhw
preterite	bwriais i, bwries i	bwriaist ti, bwriest ti	bwriodd o/e/hi	bwrion ni	bwrioch chi	bwrion nhw
imperative	—	bwria	—	—	bwriwch	—

Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.

Derived terms

• bwrw angor (“to cast anchor”)
• bwrw cenllysg (“to hail”)
• bwrw cesair (“to hail”)
• bwrw eira (“to snow”)
• bwrw eirlaw (“to sleet”)
• bwrw glaw (“to rain”)
• bwrw i lawr (“to bring low, to debase”)
• bwrw ymlaen (“to press on, to keep going”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of bwrw

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
bwrw	fwrw	mwrw	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• D. G. Lewis, N. Lewis, editors (2005–present), “bwrw”, in Gweiadur: the Welsh–English Dictionary, Gwerin
• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “bwrw”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies