entreprendre

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French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from Middle French, from Old French entreprendre (“to begin something, undertake”). By surface analysis, entre +‎ prendre.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɑ̃dʁ/
  • audio(file)

Verb[edit]

entreprendre

  1. to undertake

Conjugation[edit]

This verb is conjugated on the model of prendre. That means it is quite irregular, with the following patterns:

  • In the infinitive, in the singular forms of the present indicative, and in the future and the conditional, it is conjugated like rendre, perdre, etc. (sometimes called the regular -re verbs).
  • In the plural forms of the present indicative and imperative, in the imperfect indicative, in the present subjunctive, and in the present participle, it is conjugated like appeler or jeter, using the stem entreprenn- before mute 'e' and the stem entrepren- elsewhere.
  • In the past participle, and in the past historic and the imperfect subjunctive, its conjugation resembles that of mettre.
Conjugation of entreprendre (see also Appendix:French verbs)
infinitive simple entreprendre
compound avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1 simple entreprenant
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁə.nɑ̃/
compound ayant + past participle
past participle entrepris
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁi/
singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative je (j’) tu il, elle, on nous vous ils, elles
(simple
tenses) 		present entreprends
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɑ̃/ 		entreprends
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɑ̃/ 		entreprend
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɑ̃/ 		entreprenons
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁə.nɔ̃/ 		entreprenez
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁə.ne/ 		entreprennent
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɛn/
imperfect entreprenais
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁə.nɛ/ 		entreprenais
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁə.nɛ/ 		entreprenait
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁə.nɛ/ 		entreprenions
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁə.njɔ̃/ 		entrepreniez
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁə.nje/ 		entreprenaient
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁə.nɛ/
past historic2 entrepris
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁi/ 		entrepris
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁi/ 		entreprit
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁi/ 		entreprîmes
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁim/ 		entreprîtes
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁit/ 		entreprirent
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁiʁ/
future entreprendrai
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɑ̃.dʁe/ 		entreprendras
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɑ̃.dʁa/ 		entreprendra
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɑ̃.dʁa/ 		entreprendrons
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɑ̃.dʁɔ̃/ 		entreprendrez
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɑ̃.dʁe/ 		entreprendront
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɑ̃.dʁɔ̃/
conditional entreprendrais
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɑ̃.dʁɛ/ 		entreprendrais
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɑ̃.dʁɛ/ 		entreprendrait
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɑ̃.dʁɛ/ 		entreprendrions
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɑ̃.dʁi.jɔ̃/ 		entreprendriez
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɑ̃.dʁi.je/ 		entreprendraient
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɑ̃.dʁɛ/
(compound
tenses) 		present perfect present indicative of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
past anterior2 past historic of avoir + past participle
future perfect future of avoir + past participle
conditional perfect conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive que je (j’) que tu qu’il, qu’elle que nous que vous qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple
tenses) 		present entreprenne
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɛn/ 		entreprennes
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɛn/ 		entreprenne
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɛn/ 		entreprenions
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁə.njɔ̃/ 		entrepreniez
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁə.nje/ 		entreprennent
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɛn/
imperfect2 entreprisse
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁis/ 		entreprisses
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁis/ 		entreprît
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁi/ 		entreprissions
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁi.sjɔ̃/ 		entreprissiez
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁi.sje/ 		entreprissent
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁis/
(compound
tenses) 		past present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
pluperfect2 imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative – tu – nous vous –
simple — entreprends
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁɑ̃/ 		— entreprenons
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁə.nɔ̃/ 		entreprenez
/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁə.ne/ 		—
compound — simple imperative of avoir + past participle — simple imperative of avoir + past participle simple imperative of avoir + past participle —
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
  • past historic → present perfect
  • past anterior → pluperfect
  • imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive
  • pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive

(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Descendants[edit]

  • → Polish: przedsiębrać, przedsięwziąć (calque)

Further reading[edit]

Middle French[edit]

Verb[edit]

entreprendre

  1. to undertake
    • 1552, François Rabelais, Le Tiers Livre:
      Quand les Geantz entreprindrent guerre contre les Dieux
      When the Giants took up war against the Gods
    • 1595, Michel de Montaigne, Essais:
      Il vous siera bien, leur dit-il, de vouloir entreprendre de juger de la teste de celuy, par le moyen duquel vous avez l'authorité de juger de tout le monde.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Old French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From entre +‎ prendre, by calque of Frankish *underneman (“to undertake”), from *under (“between, among”) + *neman (“to take”). Compare Old High German untarneman (“undertake”) (German Unternehmen), Old English underniman (“undertake”), Dutch ondernemen (“undertake”).

Verb[edit]

entreprendre

  1. to capture; to take; to abduct
  2. to undertake (a responsibility, etc.)
  3. to protect
  4. to take (reciprocally)
    • Puis s'entreprendent par les dois
      Then they took each other by the fingers

Conjugation[edit]

This verb conjugates as a third-group verb. This verb has irregularities in its conjugation. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

    Conjugation of entreprendre (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
simple compound
infinitive entreprendre avoir entrepris
gerund en entreprenant gerund of avoir + past participle
present participle entreprenant
past participle entrepris
person singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative jo tu il nos vos il
simple
tenses 		present entrepreing, entrepren entreprenz entreprent entreprenons entreprenez entreprenent
imperfect entreprenoie, entrepreneie entreprenoies, entrepreneies entreprenoit, entrepreneit entrepreniiens, entrepreniens entrepreniiez, entrepreniez entreprenoient, entrepreneient
preterite entrepris entrepreṣis entreprist entrepreṣimes entrepreṣistes entreprisdrent
future entreprendrai entreprendras entreprendra entreprendrons entreprendroiz, entreprendreiz, entreprendrez entreprendront
conditional entreprendroie, entreprendreie entreprendroies, entreprendreies entreprendroit, entreprendreit entreprendriiens, entreprendriens entreprendriiez, entreprendriez entreprendroient, entreprendreient
compound
tenses 		present perfect present tense of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect tense of avoir + past participle
past anterior preterite tense of avoir + past participle
future perfect future tense of avoir + past participle
conditional perfect conditional tense of avoir + past participle
subjunctive que jo que tu qu’il que nos que vos qu’il
simple
tenses 		present entrepreigne entrepreignes entrepreigne entreprenons, entrepreigniens, entrepreignons entreprenez, entrepreigniez entrepreignent
imperfect entrepreṣisse entrepreṣisses entrepreṣist entrepreṣissons, entrepreṣissiens entrepreṣissoiz, entrepreṣissez, entrepreṣissiez entrepreṣissent
compound
tenses 		past present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative – tu – nos vos –
— entrepren — entreprenons entreprenez —

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

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