fluctuo

See also: fluctuó and fluctúo

Catalan

Verb

fluctuo

1. first-person singular present indicative of fluctuar

Latin

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *bʰel-der.

Proto-Indo-European *bʰlewH-der.

Proto-Indo-European *bʰluH-yé-ti?

Latin fluō

Proto-Indo-European *-tus

Proto-Italic *-tus

Latin -tus

Latin flūctus

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.

Proto-Italic *-ājō

Proto-Italic *-āō

Latin -ō

Latin flūctuō

From flūctus (“wave”) + -ō.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈfɫuːk.tu.oː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈfluk.tu.o]

Verb

flūctuō (present infinitive flūctuāre, perfect active flūctuāvī, supine flūctuātum); first conjugation

1. to surge, swell, undulate
2. to fluctuate, vacillate
3. to be restless, figuratively tossed by emotional distress
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 4.531–532:

     [...] ingeminant cūrae, rūrsusque resurgēns / saevit amor, magnōque īrārum fluctuat aestū.

     [Dido’s] cares are redoubled, rising again and again. As her passion rages, she is tossed about by great waves of wrath.
     (Cf. Catullus 64.62: prōspicit et magnīs cūrārum fluctuat undīs.)

Conjugation

   Conjugation of flūctuō (first conjugation)

indicative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	flūctuō		flūctuās		flūctuat		flūctuāmus		flūctuātis		flūctuant
	imperfect	flūctuābam		flūctuābās		flūctuābat		flūctuābāmus		flūctuābātis		flūctuābant
	future	flūctuābō		flūctuābis		flūctuābit		flūctuābimus		flūctuābitis		flūctuābunt
	perfect	flūctuāvī		flūctuāvistī		flūctuāvit		flūctuāvimus		flūctuāvistis		flūctuāvērunt, flūctuāvēre
	pluperfect	flūctuāveram		flūctuāverās		flūctuāverat		flūctuāverāmus		flūctuāverātis		flūctuāverant
	future perfect	flūctuāverō		flūctuāveris		flūctuāverit		flūctuāverimus		flūctuāveritis		flūctuāverint
passive	present	flūctuor		flūctuāris, flūctuāre		flūctuātur		flūctuāmur		flūctuāminī		flūctuantur
	imperfect	flūctuābar		flūctuābāris, flūctuābāre		flūctuābātur		flūctuābāmur		flūctuābāminī		flūctuābantur
	future	flūctuābor		flūctuāberis, flūctuābere		flūctuābitur		flūctuābimur		flūctuābiminī		flūctuābuntur
	perfect	flūctuātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	flūctuātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	flūctuātus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	flūctuem		flūctuēs		flūctuet		flūctuēmus		flūctuētis		flūctuent
	imperfect	flūctuārem		flūctuārēs		flūctuāret		flūctuārēmus		flūctuārētis		flūctuārent
	perfect	flūctuāverim		flūctuāverīs		flūctuāverit		flūctuāverīmus		flūctuāverītis		flūctuāverint
	pluperfect	flūctuāvissem		flūctuāvissēs		flūctuāvisset		flūctuāvissēmus		flūctuāvissētis		flūctuāvissent
passive	present	flūctuer		flūctuēris, flūctuēre		flūctuētur		flūctuēmur		flūctuēminī		flūctuentur
	imperfect	flūctuārer		flūctuārēris, flūctuārēre		flūctuārētur		flūctuārēmur		flūctuārēminī		flūctuārentur
	perfect	flūctuātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	flūctuātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	—		flūctuā		—		—		flūctuāte		—
	future	—		flūctuātō		flūctuātō		—		flūctuātōte		flūctuantō
passive	present	—		flūctuāre		—		—		flūctuāminī		—
	future	—		flūctuātor		flūctuātor		—		—		flūctuantor
non-finite forms		infinitive						participle
		active			passive			active			passive
present		flūctuāre			flūctuārī			flūctuāns			—
future		flūctuātūrum esse			flūctuātum īrī			flūctuātūrus			flūctuandus
perfect		flūctuāvisse			flūctuātum esse			—			flūctuātus
future perfect		—			flūctuātum fore			—			—
perfect potential		flūctuātūrum fuisse			—			—			—
verbal nouns		gerund								supine
		genitive		dative		accusative		ablative		accusative		ablative
		flūctuandī		flūctuandō		flūctuandum		flūctuandō		flūctuātum		flūctuātū

Derived terms

• flūctuābundus
• flūctuātim
• flūctuātiō

Descendants

• >? Albanian: fluturoj
• → Catalan: fluctuar
• → English: fluctuate
• → French: fluctuer
• → Italian: fluttuare
• → Norwegian Bokmål: fluktuere
• → Portuguese: flutuar
• >? Romanian: fluctua, flutura (possibly)
• → Spanish: fluctuar

References

• “fluctuo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “fluctuo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “fluctuo”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • (ambiguous) driven by the waves: fluctuare or fluctuari