frendo

Latin

Alternative forms

frendeō

Etymology

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰrendʰ- (“to crush; gnash”), cognate with Proto-Germanic *grindaną (“to grind”). Another plausible cognate is Lithuanian grę́sti (“to plane, scour”), but this requires an alternative root ending in *-d-.^[1]

More information

Sihler considers the development of *gʷʰr- to Latin fr- in this word surprising since a labiovelar consonant was generally delabialized in Latin when followed by another consonant (e.g. *gʷréh₂us > gravis). However, Sihler notes that the cluster *-gʷʰr- also retained its labialization in medial position, judging by the form of Latin febris from *dʰegʷʰ-. A separate cause of doubt is comparison with *gʰr- and *gʰl-, which are hypothesized to have developed into gr- and gl- in some Latin words, such as glaber.^[2] However, examples such as glaber are rare, and their precise cause is disputed. Weiss 2018 argues that the g- in glaber was caused by a process of aspirate dissimilation that can be dated after a change from *-ndʰ- to *-nd- in Proto-Italic: this chronology would prevent dissimilation from applying to the root *gʷʰrendʰ-.^[3]

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈfrɛn.doː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈfrɛn.do]

Verb

frendō (present infinitive frendere, perfect active frenduī, supine frēsum or fressum); third conjugation

(intransitive, of teeth) to grind, gnash
(transitive) to crush or grind to pieces
(transitive) to lament over with rage, gnash the teeth

Conjugation

Conjugation of frendō (third conjugation)

indicative		singular				plural
indicative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	frendō	frendis		frendit	frendimus	frenditis		frendunt
	imperfect	frendēbam	frendēbās		frendēbat	frendēbāmus	frendēbātis		frendēbant
	future	frendam	frendēs		frendet	frendēmus	frendētis		frendent
	perfect	frenduī	frenduistī		frenduit	frenduimus	frenduistis		frenduērunt, frenduēre
	pluperfect	frendueram	frenduerās		frenduerat	frenduerāmus	frenduerātis		frenduerant
	future perfect	frenduerō	frendueris		frenduerit	frenduerimus	frendueritis		frenduerint
passive	present	frendor	frenderis, frendere		frenditur	frendimur	frendiminī		frenduntur
	imperfect	frendēbar	frendēbāris, frendēbāre		frendēbātur	frendēbāmur	frendēbāminī		frendēbantur
	future	frendar	frendēris, frendēre		frendētur	frendēmur	frendēminī		frendentur
	perfect	frēsus or fressus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	frēsus or fressus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	frēsus or fressus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular				plural
subjunctive		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	frendam	frendās		frendat	frendāmus	frendātis		frendant
	imperfect	frenderem	frenderēs		frenderet	frenderēmus	frenderētis		frenderent
	perfect	frenduerim	frenduerīs		frenduerit	frenduerīmus	frenduerītis		frenduerint
	pluperfect	frenduissem	frenduissēs		frenduisset	frenduissēmus	frenduissētis		frenduissent
passive	present	frendar	frendāris, frendāre		frendātur	frendāmur	frendāminī		frendantur
	imperfect	frenderer	frenderēris, frenderēre		frenderētur	frenderēmur	frenderēminī		frenderentur
	perfect	frēsus or fressus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	frēsus or fressus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular				plural
imperative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	—	frende		—	—	frendite		—
active	future	—	frenditō		frenditō	—	frenditōte		frenduntō
passive	present	—	frendere		—	—	frendiminī		—
passive	future	—	frenditor		frenditor	—	—		frenduntor
non-finite forms		infinitive				participle
non-finite forms		active		passive		active		passive
present		frendere		frendī		frendēns		—
future		frēsūrum esse, fressūrum esse		frēsum īrī, fressum īrī		frēsūrus, fressūrus		frendendus, frendundus
perfect		frenduisse		frēsum esse, fressum esse		—		frēsus, fressus
future perfect		—		frēsum fore, fressum fore		—		—
perfect potential		frēsūrum fuisse, fressūrum fuisse		—		—		—
verbal nouns		gerund					supine
		genitive	dative		accusative	ablative	accusative		ablative
		frendendī	frendendō		frendendum	frendendō	frēsum, fressum		frēsū, fressū

Derived terms

Descendants

Catalan: fresar, fresa (possibly)
Sicilian: frisari, fresa
Spanish: fresar, fresa (possibly)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “frendō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 241
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 164-165
^ Weiss, Michael (2018), “Limited Latin Grassmann's Law: Do We Need It?”, in Dieter Gunkel, Stephanie W. Jamison, Angelo O. Mercado and Kazuhiko Yoshida, editors, Vina Diem Celebrent: Studies in Linguistics and Philology in Honor of Brent Vine, Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press, page 442