kulak

See also: Kulak, kulák, kułak, Kułak, and külək

English

Alternative forms

• koulak
• kulack
• Kulak

Etymology

1877. From Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”), plural кулаки́ (kulakí). Compare also Russian раскула́чивание (raskuláčivanije, “dekulakization”), подкула́чник (podkuláčnik, “subkulak”).

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /ˈkuːlak/
• (US) IPA^(key): /ˈkulæk/

Noun

kulak (plural kulaks or kulaki)

1. (historical) A prosperous peasant in the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union, who owned land and could hire workers.
   • 2002 Sep, Christopher Hitchens, “Martin Amis: Lightness at Midnight”, in The Atlantic:

     The “internal organs,” as the CHEKA and the GPU and the KGB used to style themselves, were asked to police the mind for heresy as much as to torture kulaks to relinquish the food they withheld from the cities.

   • 2015 February 6, Nick Gillespie, “To the Barricades, Brooklyn Yuppies!”, in The Dailey Beast‎^[1], retrieved 20150206:

     We are the “upper middle class”, the new kulaks whose antisocial self-interest and lack of submission to the aims of the revolutionary vanguard must be extinguished.

Usage notes

During Soviet state collectivization of farming in the 1920s and 1930s the label kulak, implying “tight-fisted”, was applied pejoratively to land-owning peasants in general.

Quotations

• For quotations using this term, see Citations:kulak.

Synonyms

• kurkul

Hypernyms

• employer    [⇒ thesaurus]
• landlord
• petit bourgeois

Derived terms

• anarcho-kulak
• kulakism
• kulakize, kulakise
• kulakisation, kulakization
• dekulakise, de-kulakise, dekulakize, de-kulakize
• dekulakisation, de-kulakisation, dekulakization, de-kulakization
• self-dekulakisation, self-dekulakization
• subkulak

Translations

prosperous peasant

• Afrikaans: koelak
• Albanian: please add this translation if you can
• Arabic: كُولَاك m (kūlāk), قُولَاق m (qūlāq)
• Armenian: կուլակ (hy) (kulak)
• Azerbaijani: kulak (az)
• Belarusian: кула́к (be) m (kulák), курку́ль m (kurkúlʹ)
• Bulgarian: кула́к (bg) m (kulák)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 富農／富农 (zh) (fùnóng)

• Czech: kulak (cs) m
• Danish: kulak (da) c
• Dutch: koelak (nl) m
• Esperanto: please add this translation if you can
• Estonian: kulak
• Finnish: kulakki (fi)
• French: koulak (fr) m
• Georgian: კულაკი (ḳulaḳi)
• German: Kulak m, Kulakin f
• Greek: κουλάκος (el) m (koulákos)
• Hebrew: קולאק (kulak)
• Hindi: कूलाक (kūlāk), कुलक (hi) m (kulak)
• Hungarian: kulák (hu)
• Ingrian: kulakka
• Japanese: クラーク (kurāku), 富農 (ja) (ふのう, funō)
• Kalmyk: кулак (kulak)
• Kazakh: кулак (kulak)
• Korean: 쿨라크 (kullakeu), 부농(富農) (ko) (bunong)
• Kyrgyz: кулак (ky) (kulak)
• Latvian: budzis, kulaks m
• Lithuanian: buožė, kulakas m
• Macedonian: кула́к (mk) m (kulák)
• Mongolian: кулак (kulak)
• Nogai: кулак (kulak)
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: kulakk m

  Nynorsk: kulakk m

• Persian: کولاک (fa) (kulâk)
• Polish: kułak (pl) m
• Portuguese: kulak (pt) m
• Romanian: culac (ro) m, chiabur (ro) m
• Russian: кула́к (ru) m (kulák), курку́ль (ru) m (kurkúlʹ)
• Serbo-Croatian: кулак m, kulak (sh) m
• Slovak: kulak m
• Slovene: kulak (sl) m
• Spanish: kulak (es) m
• Swedish: kulak (sv) c
• Tajik: кулак (tg) (kulak)
• Turkish: kulak (tr)
• Turkmen: kulak
• Ukrainian: курку́ль (uk) m (kurkúlʹ) (term used during collectivisation, offensive), кула́к (uk) m (kulák) (original term)
• Uzbek: kulak (uz), quloq (uz)
• Vietnamese: phú nông (vi) (富農), cu-lắc

References

Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary: Tenth Edition 1997

Anagrams

• Kukla, Kulka

Czech

Etymology

Borrowed from Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkulak]
• Rhymes: -ulak
• Hyphenation: ku‧lak

Noun

kulak m anim

1. (historical, derogatory) kulak, a prosperous peasant marked as an enemy of the people by the communist regime, especially in the time of forced collectivization (e. g. in Czechoslovakia 1948–cca 1960)
   • 2003, Jaroslav Čejka, Lidé, čas a zvířata‎^[2], Praha: Baronet, →ISBN, page 144:

     Pan Kubrycht byl prý původně bohatý sedlák, čili – jak se v padesátých letech říkalo – kulak, kterého vyhnali z jeho statku.

     People say that Mr. Kubrycht was originally a rich farmer, or – as it was said in 1950s – a kulak, who was forced to leave his farm.

Declension

Declension of kulak (velar masculine animate)

	singular	plural
nominative	kulak	kulaci
genitive	kulaka	kulaků
dative	kulakovi, kulaku	kulakům
accusative	kulaka	kulaky
vocative	kulaku	kulaci
locative	kulakovi, kulaku	kulacích
instrumental	kulakem	kulaky

Derived terms

• dekulakizace
• kulacký
• kulačka
• rozkulačení
• rozkulačený
• rozkulačit
• rozkulačovaný
• rozkulačovat
• rozkulačování

 

Further reading

• kulak in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
• kulak in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
• kulak in Internetová jazyková příručka

Anagrams

• kalku
• klaku
• kluka
• kukal
• kukla
• kulka

Italian

Alternative forms

• culaco (uncommon)

Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kuˈlak/
• Rhymes: -ak
• Hyphenation: ku‧làk

Noun

kulak m (plural kulaki)

1. (historical) kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)

Further reading

• kulak in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Norwegian Bokmål

Noun

kulak m (definite singular kulaken, indefinite plural kulaker, definite plural kulakene)

1. form removed with the spelling reform of 2005; superseded by kulakk

Norwegian Nynorsk

Noun

kulak m (definite singular kulaken, indefinite plural kulakar, definite plural kulakane)

1. (pre-2005) alternative form of kulakk

Portuguese

Noun

kulak m (plural kulaks)

1. (historical) kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)

Turkish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ku.ˈɫɑk/

• audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: ku‧lak

Etymology 1

From Ottoman Turkish قولاق (qulaq, “ear”), Old Anatolian Turkish قلاق (qulaq, “ear”), from Proto-Turkic *kulkak (“ear”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴 (q̊¹ul¹qq /⁠qulqaq⁠/). A possible cognate with Finnish kuulla

Noun

kulak (definite accusative kulağı, plural kulaklar)

1. (anatomy) ear

Declension

Inflection
Nominative	kulak
Definite accusative	kulağı
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	kulak	kulaklar
Definite accusative	kulağı	kulakları
Dative	kulağa	kulaklara
Locative	kulakta	kulaklarda
Ablative	kulaktan	kulaklardan
Genitive	kulağın	kulakların
Possessive forms Nominative Singular Plural 1st singular kulağım kulaklarım 2nd singular kulağın kulakların 3rd singular kulağı kulakları 1st plural kulağımız kulaklarımız 2nd plural kulağınız kulaklarınız 3rd plural kulakları kulakları Definite accusative Singular Plural 1st singular kulağımı kulaklarımı 2nd singular kulağını kulaklarını 3rd singular kulağını kulaklarını 1st plural kulağımızı kulaklarımızı 2nd plural kulağınızı kulaklarınızı 3rd plural kulaklarını kulaklarını Dative Singular Plural 1st singular kulağıma kulaklarıma 2nd singular kulağına kulaklarına 3rd singular kulağına kulaklarına 1st plural kulağımıza kulaklarımıza 2nd plural kulağınıza kulaklarınıza 3rd plural kulaklarına kulaklarına Locative Singular Plural 1st singular kulağımda kulaklarımda 2nd singular kulağında kulaklarında 3rd singular kulağında kulaklarında 1st plural kulağımızda kulaklarımızda 2nd plural kulağınızda kulaklarınızda 3rd plural kulaklarında kulaklarında Ablative Singular Plural 1st singular kulağımdan kulaklarımdan 2nd singular kulağından kulaklarından 3rd singular kulağından kulaklarından 1st plural kulağımızdan kulaklarımızdan 2nd plural kulağınızdan kulaklarınızdan 3rd plural kulaklarından kulaklarından Genitive Singular Plural 1st singular kulağımın kulaklarımın 2nd singular kulağının kulaklarının 3rd singular kulağının kulaklarının 1st plural kulağımızın kulaklarımızın 2nd plural kulağınızın kulaklarınızın 3rd plural kulaklarının kulaklarının
Predicative forms Singular Plural 1st singular kulağım kulaklarım 2nd singular kulaksın kulaklarsın 3rd singular kulak kulaktır kulaklar kulaklardır 1st plural kulağız kulaklarız 2nd plural kulaksınız kulaklarsınız 3rd plural kulaklar kulaklardır

Derived terms

• dış kulak
• iç kulak
• kulağakaçan
• kulak altı bezi
• kulak arkası etmek
• kulak asmak
• kulak demiri
• kulak dolgunluğu
• kulak erimi
• kulak kabartmak
• kulak kanalı
• kulak kemiği
• kulak kepçesi
• kulak kesilmek
• kulak kıvırmak
• kulak kulağa
• kulak memesi
• kulak misafiri
• kulak sadakası
• kulak tıkamak
• kulak tırmalamak
• kulak tutmak
• kulak zarı
• kulakçı
• kulakdavulu
• kulaklı
• kulaklık
• kulaksız
• kuzukulağı
• orta kulak

 

Etymology 2

From Russian кула́к (kulák).

Noun

kulak (definite accusative kulağı, plural kulaklar)

1. kulak