mọi

See also: Appendix:Variations of "moi"

Middle Vietnamese

Etymology 1

From Chinese 每 (MC mwojX|mwojH).

Determiner

mọi

all

Descendants

Vietnamese: mọi

Etymology 2

From Proto-Vietic *mɔːlʔ (“human being”). Cognate with Muong mõl (“human being”). See mọi for details.

Noun

mọi

barbarian; savage; subhuman

Descendants

Vietnamese: mọi

References

Alexandre de Rhodes (1651), “mọi”, in Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (in Middle Vietnamese, Latin, and Portuguese), Rome: Propaganda Fide

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

(Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [mɔj˧˨ʔ]
(Huế) IPA^(key): [mɔj˨˩ʔ]
(Saigon) IPA^(key): [mɔj˨˩˨]
Audio (Hà Nội): (file)
Audio (Saigon): (file)

Etymology 1

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 每 (“every, each”, SV: mỗi). Doublet of mỗi.

Attested as mọi in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651).

Determiner

mọi • (每)

all
Một người vì mọi người! Mọi người vì một người!
One for all! All for one!

Usage notes

Mỗi (SV) and mọi (non-SV) are doublets from the same Chinese etymon, but their meanings differ: mỗi emphasises individuality (“each”), while mọi emphasises collectivity (“every”).

Derived terms

Descendants

→ Tai Dam: ꪢ꫁ꪮꪥ

Etymology 2

From Proto-Vietic *mɔːlʔ (“human being”) (secondary borrowing from a Muong lect?). Cognate with Muong Bi mõl (“human being”). Attested as mọi in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651).

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Further origin uncertain:

Schuessler (2007: 391,392) proposes that Vietic *mɔːlʔ is cognate to *c-mɔːlʔ (“digging stick”), as well as to such descendants of Proto-Mon-Khmer *jm(o:)l (“male”) as Old Khmer jmol (“male (of animals)”) (⇒ Khmer ឈ្មោល (chmool)), Old Mon jmūr ~ jmur (“male (elephant)”), Semelai rəmɔːl (“male”); according to Schuessler, both "male" and "digging stick" derived from a stem represented in Khmu [script needed] (crmɔɔl, “digging stick”), [script needed] (cmɔ:l, “to plant (rice) with digging stick”), and Old Khmer cval (“to enter, penetrate, (of animals) copulate”)^[1] (⇒ Khmer ចូល (coul)).
- If so, from *čɑɑr "to dig, to delve"^[2] (Ferlus, 1989-1990: 54-56). Compare also Vietnamese xoi (“to bore, to perforate”), xói, moi, mói (“to delve, to dig out”), which are this root's reflexes with back vowels.
However, Ferlus did not deem Vietnamese mọi and Muong mõl to be derivatives of *čaar; instead, he relates them to Khmu [script needed] (hmmaːl, “soul”) (Ferlus: 55);
- If so, Proto-Vietic *mɔːlʔ (“human being”) would be a derivative of Proto-Mon-Khmer *smuul ~ smuəl ~ smaal ~ smal (“shadow, soul”) (Shorto, 2006: #1779); nevertheless, Shorto did not count Vietic items among reflexes of this root.^[3]”

Noun

mọi • (𤞦, 每)

(derogatory) barbarian; savage; subhuman

Derived terms

Descendants

→ Lao: ມ້ອຍ (mǭi)

References

^ Schuessler, Axel (2007). ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
^ Ferlus, Michel. "Sur l'origine géographique des languages Viet-Muong". Mon-Khmer Studies (18-19). 1989-1990
^ Shorto, H. A Mon-Khmer Comparative Dictionary, Ed. Paul Sidwell, 2006

[1] Schuessler, Axel (2007). ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press

[2] Ferlus, Michel. "Sur l'origine géographique des languages Viet-Muong". Mon-Khmer Studies (18-19). 1989-1990

[3] Shorto, H. A Mon-Khmer Comparative Dictionary, Ed. Paul Sidwell, 2006

[1]

[2]

[3]