rarus
See also: Rarus
Latin
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Uncertain.[1] Possibly related to Lithuanian i̇̀rti (“to dissolve, fall into ruin”) and Proto-Slavic *oriti. It has also been compared to Ancient Greek ἐρῆμος (erêmos, “lonely”), but this may be phonetically difficult if certain sound laws involving laryngeals and *r are accepted.
More information
- Beekes 2010 and Schrijver 1991 assume Greek ἐρῆμος (erêmos) must be from a root of the form *h₁reh₁-.[2][3] Schrijver 1991 therefore denies that ἐρῆμος (erêmos) and rārus are cognates, because per Schrijver's sound laws, no gradation of *h₁reh₁- can regularly give rise to Latin rār-: *h₁r̥h₁rós would give Latin *rarus with short -a- (compare ratus from *h₂rh₁tós), whereas *h₁reh₁rós would give Latin *rērus with long -ē-. Schrijver is uncertain whether i̇̀rti and *oriti are cognate with Greek ἐρῆμος (erêmos) or with Latin rārus: in the latter case, Schrijver assumes Latin rā- came from *Hreh₂-, with schwebeablaut. Beekes treats derivation of rārus from zero-grade *h₁r̥h₁-ro- as possible, without explicitly addressing Schrijver's argument that this should be expected to yield *rar-.
- Woodhouse 2011 postulates different sound laws, assuming that Greek initial ἐρ- (er-) can come either from PIE *h₁r- or PIE *r- and that PIE *rHC- became Latin ra- with short -a-, whereas PIE *HrHC- became Latin rā- with long -ā-. Based on these assumptions, Woodhouse derives ratus from a root starting with *r- (instead of *h₁r as postulated by Schrijver) and assumes that Latin rārus might show rā- as the regular outcome of earlier *h₂rH-, from the zero-grade of a root *h₂erH- shared with i̇̀rti.[4] De Vaan 2008 mentions *h₂erH- (“to disappear, perish”) as a possible root of rārus but dismisses it as semantically unlikely.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈraː.rʊs]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈraː.rus]
Adjective
[edit]rārus (feminine rāra, neuter rārum, comparative rārior, superlative rārissimus or rārissumus, adverb rārō or rārē or rārenter or rāriter); first/second-declension adjective
Declension
[edit]First/second-declension adjective.
| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| nominative | rārus | rāra | rārum | rārī | rārae | rāra | |
| genitive | rārī | rārae | rārī | rārōrum | rārārum | rārōrum | |
| dative | rārō | rārae | rārō | rārīs | |||
| accusative | rārum | rāram | rārum | rārōs | rārās | rāra | |
| ablative | rārō | rārā | rārō | rārīs | |||
| vocative | rāre | rāra | rārum | rārī | rārae | rāra | |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- → Albanian: rrallë
- → Asturian: raru
- → Danish: rar
- → Middle Dutch: raer
- Dutch: raar
- → Middle English: rare, rere
- English: rare
- → Faroese: rárur
- → French: rare
- → German: rar
- → Norwegian: rar
- → Portuguese: raro
- → Spanish: raro
- → Swedish: rar
- Aromanian: rar
- Asturian: ralu
- Catalan: rar
- Friulian: râr
- Galician: raro
- Italian: rado, raro
- Occitan: rar
- Old French: rer
- Portuguese: ralo
- Romanian: rar
- Romansh: rar, rer
- Sardinian: raru
- Sicilian: raru
- Spanish: ralo
- Venetan: raro
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “rārus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 514
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἐρῆμος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 456-457
- ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Latin (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 17
- ^ Woodhouse, Robert (2011), “Lubotsky's and Beekes' laws, PIE *(H)r-, *(H)i(V)-, *a and some other laryngeal matters”, in Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia[1], volume 16, pages 158-159
Further reading
[edit]- “rarus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “rarus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “rarus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
- preparations for war; war-material: apparatus (rare in plur.) belli
- in open order: raris ordinibus
- to fight in skirmishing order: rari dispersique pugnare (B. C. 1. 44)
- preparations for war; war-material: apparatus (rare in plur.) belli
- “rarus”, in The Perseus Project (1999), Perseus Encyclopedia[3]
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 514