فرنگ

Persian

Alternative forms

• افرنگ (afrang)
• فرنک (farank)

Etymology

From Old French franc.

First attested in Safarnama of Nasir Khusrow (written in 1045–1052).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [fa.ˈɾanɡ]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [fä.ɾǽŋɡ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [fä.ɾǽŋɡ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [fä.ɾǽŋɡ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [fä.ɾǽŋɡ̥]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [fæ.ɹǽɲɡʲ̥]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [fä.ɾǽŋɡ]

Readings
Classical reading?	farang
Dari reading?	farang
Iranian reading?	farang
Tajik reading?	farang

Noun

فرنگ • (farang)

1. (archaic) Frank, French
2. (archaic) crusader
   • 1184–1291, Saadi, Golestan

     از صحبت یاران دمشقم ملالتی پدید آمده بود، سر در بیابان قدس نهادم و با حیوانات انس گرفتم تا وقتی که اسیر قید فرنگ شدم و در خندق طرابلس با جهودانم به کارگل داشتند.

     az suhbat-i yârân-i damišqam malâlati padîd âmada bûd, sar dar biyâbân-i quds nahâdam u bâ hayvânât uns giriftam tâ vaqtî ki asîr-i qayd-i farang šudam u dar xandaq-i tarâbulus bâ jahûdânam ba kârgil dâštand.

     I was upset from my Damascene friends and went to the desert of Palestine (...), until I was taken as captive by the Franks/Crusaders and they sent me with Jews as forced labourers to Tripoli, [Lebanon].

3. (archaic, ethnic slur) European
4. (archaic) Christian
   • 1141–1209, Nezami

     فرنگ فلسطین و رهبان روم
     پذیرای فرمان مهرش چو موم

     farang-i filistîn u rahbân-i rôm
     pazîrâ-yi farmân-i mihraš ču môm

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Synonyms

• فرنگی (farangi)
• (French): فرانسوی (farânsavi)
• (European): اروپایی (orupâyi)
• (Christian): مسیحی (masihi)

Derived terms

• فرنگی (farangi)
• فرنگستان (farangestân)

Descendants

• → Hindustani:

  Hindi: फ़िरंग (firaṅg)

  Urdu: فرنگ (farang)

• → Khmer: បារាំង (baarang)
• → Pashto: فرنګ (farang)
• → Thai: ฝรั่ง (fà-ràng)
  • → English: farang (“westerner who comes to Thailand”)
  • → Lao: ຝະລັ່ງ (fa lang), ຝະຫຼັ່ງ (fa lang)
  • → White Hmong: huablab

Proper noun

فرنگ • (farang)

1. (archaic) Francia
   • 1045–1052, Nasir Khusraw, Safarnama

     باجگاهی است آن جا که کشتی های که از اطراف روم و فرنگ و اندلس و مغرب بیاید عشر به سلطان دهند

     bâjgâhê ast ânjâ ki kaštî-hâ'ê ki az atrâf-i rôm u farang u andalus u mağrib biyâyand ušr ba sultân dahand.

     ... there is a place to collect tribute over there through which the ships that come from Rum [Anatolia], Francia, Al-Andalus, and Maghreb pay the tithe [ushr, one-tenth of the earned profit] to the sultan ...

2. (dated) France
3. (dated) Western world, especially Europe

Synonyms

• (France): فرانسه (farânse)

References

• Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “فرنگ”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press