δύσκολος
Ancient Greek
Etymology
Unknown. Unconvincing are connections with κέλομαι (kélomai, “to urge, exhort, command”) or πέλω (pélō, “to become, be”), but the prefix is clearly δυσ- (dus-).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /dýs.ko.los/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈdys.ko.los/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈðys.ko.los/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈðys.ko.los/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈðis.ko.los/
Adjective
δύσκολος • (dúskolos) m or f (neuter δύσκολον); second declension
Inflection
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | ||||||||
Nominative | δύσκολος dúskolos |
δύσκολον dúskolon |
δυσκόλω duskólō |
δυσκόλω duskólō |
δύσκολοι dúskoloi |
δύσκολᾰ dúskola | ||||||||
Genitive | δυσκόλου duskólou |
δυσκόλου duskólou |
δυσκόλοιν duskóloin |
δυσκόλοιν duskóloin |
δυσκόλων duskólōn |
δυσκόλων duskólōn | ||||||||
Dative | δυσκόλῳ duskólōi |
δυσκόλῳ duskólōi |
δυσκόλοιν duskóloin |
δυσκόλοιν duskóloin |
δυσκόλοις duskólois |
δυσκόλοις duskólois | ||||||||
Accusative | δύσκολον dúskolon |
δύσκολον dúskolon |
δυσκόλω duskólō |
δυσκόλω duskólō |
δυσκόλους duskólous |
δύσκολᾰ dúskola | ||||||||
Vocative | δύσκολε dúskole |
δύσκολον dúskolon |
δυσκόλω duskólō |
δυσκόλω duskólō |
δύσκολοι dúskoloi |
δύσκολᾰ dúskola | ||||||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
δυσκόλως duskólōs |
δυσκολώτερος duskolṓteros |
δυσκολώτᾰτος duskolṓtatos | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Derived terms
- δυσκολόκαμπτος (duskolókamptos)
- δυσκολοκοιτέω (duskolokoitéō)
- δυσκολόκοιτος (duskolókoitos)
Descendants
Further reading
- “δύσκολος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “δύσκολος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- δύσκολος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- δύσκολος in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2024)
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Greek
Etymology
From Ancient Greek δύσκολος (dúskolos, “hard to satisfy with food”),[1] from Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-, “bad, hard, unfortunate”) + Ancient Greek -κολος (-kolos, “keeper, tender, watcher”).
Pronunciation
Adjective
δύσκολος • (dýskolos) m (feminine δύσκολη, neuter δύσκολο)
- (most senses) difficult, hard, tough, arduous (not easy, requiring much effort)
- Τα Κινέζικα είναι δύσκολη γλώσσα να μάθεις. ― Ta Kinézika eínai dýskoli glóssa na mátheis. ― Chinese is a difficult language to learn.
- Η Ελλάδα περνάει δύσκολους καιρούς με την οικονομία της. ― I Elláda pernáei dýskolous kairoús me tin oikonomía tis. ― Greece is going through tough times with the economy.
- (medicine) refractory (difficult to treat)
- Ο πατέρας μου πάσχει από δύσκολη ασθένεια. ― O patéras mou páschei apó dýskoli asthéneia. ― My father is suffering from a refractory illness.
- (of people) difficult, uncooperative, troublesome (hard to manage)
- Η μητέρα μου πάντα ήταν δύσκολος άνθρωπος. ― I mitéra mou pánta ítan dýskolos ánthropos. ― My mother was always a difficult woman.
Declension
Declension of δύσκολος
number case \ gender |
singular | plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | δύσκολος • | δύσκολη • | δύσκολο • | δύσκολοι • | δύσκολες • | δύσκολα • |
genitive | δύσκολου • | δύσκολης • | δύσκολου • | δύσκολων • | δύσκολων • | δύσκολων • |
accusative | δύσκολο • | δύσκολη • | δύσκολο • | δύσκολους • | δύσκολες • | δύσκολα • |
vocative | δύσκολε • | δύσκολη • | δύσκολο • | δύσκολοι • | δύσκολες • | δύσκολα • |
derivations | Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο δύσκολος, etc.) Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο δύσκολος, etc.) |
Degrees of comparison by suffixation
Synonyms
- (difficult, tough): δυσχερής (dyscherís), επίπονος (epíponos), ζόρικος (zórikos), χαλεπός (chalepós), δυσνόητος (dysnóitos, “difficult to understand, incomprehensible”), περίπλοκος (períplokos, “difficult to understand, complicated”), προβληματικός (provlimatikós, “difficult, problematic”)
- (difficult to treat, refractory): δυσθεράπευτος (dystherápeftos)
- (difficult, uncooperative): δύστροπος (dýstropos), ιδιότροπος (idiótropos), ανάποδος (anápodos), στριμμένος (strimménos), στριφνός (strifnós)
Antonyms
- (difficult, tough): εύκολος (éfkolos), εύληπτος (évliptos, “easy to understand, comprehensible”), ευνοϊκός (evnoïkós, “easy, favourable”)
Related terms
- δυσκολία f (dyskolía, “difficulty, trouble”)
- δύσκολα (dýskola, “with difficulty”)
- δυσκολεύω (dyskolévo, “to make difficult”)
- δυσκοιλιότητα f (dyskoiliótita, “constipation”)
- δυσκοίλιος (dyskoílios, “constipated”)
- δυσκόλεμα n (dyskólema, “difficulty”)
- δυσκολο- (dyskolo-, “difficult, hard”, prefix)
References
Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms with unknown etymologies
- Ancient Greek terms prefixed with δυσ-
- Ancient Greek 3-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek adjectives
- Ancient Greek proparoxytone terms
- Greek terms inherited from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greek lemmas
- Greek adjectives
- Greek terms with usage examples
- el:Medicine
- Greek adjectives in declension ος-η-ο