arduous

English

Etymology

From Latin arduus (“lofty, high, steep, hard to reach, difficult, laborious”), akin to Irish ard (“high”).

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈɑːdjuːəs/
• (US) IPA^(key): /ˈɑːɹd͡ʒuəs/

• Audio (US)

  (file)

Adjective

arduous (comparative more arduous, superlative most arduous)

1. Needing or using up much energy; testing powers of endurance.

   The movement towards a peaceful settlement has been a long and arduous political struggle.

   • 2012 May 5, Phil McNulty, “Chelsea 2-1 Liverpool”, in BBC Sport^[1]:

     Chelsea survived and can now turn their attentions to the Champions League final against Bayern Munich in Germany later this month as they face an increasingly arduous task to finish in the Premier League's top four.

   • For more examples of usage of this term, see Citations:arduous.
2. (obsolete) burning; ardent
   • (Can we date this quote?) Cary:

     Where flames the arduous Spirit of Isidore.

3. (Discuss⁽⁺⁾ this sense) Difficult or exhausting to traverse.
   • 1974, Sue Bowder, The American biking atlas & touring guide, page 77:

     Beyond the river, an arduous slope rises 3286 feet in 13 miles.

   • 1999, Scott Ciencin, Mike Fredericks, Dinoverse:

     Mike looked up from the arduous mountain trail. They'd been climbing for five hours and he was beginning to feel irritable.

   • 2006, Jack W. Plunkett, Plunkett's Entertainment & Media Industry Almanac 2006:

     Survivor reaches as many as 28 million viewers who watch contestants win a new Pontiac or guzzle Mountain Dew after scaling an arduous cliff.

   • For more examples of usage of this term, see Citations:arduous.

Synonyms

• burdensome, demanding, exhausting, fatiguing, laborious, onerous, strenuous, wearisome

Derived terms

• arduousness

Related terms

• arduity

Translations

needing or using up much energy

• Arabic: شَاق‏‎ (šāq)
• Bulgarian: труден (bg) (truden), усилен (bg) (usilen), мъчен (bg) (mǎčen)
• Catalan: ardu (ca)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 艱苦 (zh), 艰苦 (zh) (jiānkǔ)

• Dutch: uitputtend (nl), zwaar (nl), moeizaam (nl)
• Finnish: vaivalloinen (fi), työläs (fi), uuvuttava (fi), rasittava (fi), ankara (fi)
• French: ardu (fr)
• German: mühsam (de),anstrengend (de), beschwerlich (de), erschöpfend (de)
• Hungarian: megerőltető (hu), fárasztó (hu), fáradságos (hu)
• Italian: arduo (it) m, ardua f

• Japanese: 苦しい (ja) (くるしい, kurushii), 難儀な (ja) (なんぎな, nangi-na)
• Korean: 고난의 (ko) (gonan-ui), 힘드는 (himdeuneun)
• Norwegian: slitsom, vanskelig (no)
• Polish: uciążliwy (pl) m
• Portuguese: árduo (pt)
• Russian: напряжённый (ru) (naprjažónnyj), тру́дный (ru) (trúdnyj), тяжёлый (ru) (tjažólyj)
• Serbo-Croatian: mukotrpan (sh)
• Spanish: arduo (es), riguroso (es)
• Swedish: arbetsam (sv), besvärlig (sv), jobbig (sv), ansträngande (sv), avancerad (sv), krånglig (sv), svår (sv)
• Turkish: ağır (tr), çetin (tr), gayretli (tr), güç (tr), zor (tr)

hard to climb

• Bulgarian: стръмен (bg) (strǎmen), недостъпен (bg) (nedostǎpen)
• Catalan: ardu (ca)
• Dutch: uitputtend (nl), zwaar (nl), steil (nl), moeilijk te beklimmen
• Finnish: jyrkkä (fi), vaativa (fi)
• German: steil (de)
• Italian: arduo (it) m, ardua f

• Norwegian: vanskelig (no)
• Portuguese: árduo (pt)
• Russian: круто́й (ru) (krutój), труднодосту́пный (ru) (trudnodostúpnyj)
• Spanish: arduo (es)
• Swedish: brant (sv), besvärlig (sv)
• Turkish: sarp (tr), çetin (tr)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout#Translations.

Translations to be checked

• Bengali: ^{(please verify)} shramasadhya (shramasadhya)

• Ido: des-facila (1), abrupta (2)

Further reading

• arduous in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913
• arduous in The Century Dictionary, The Century Co., New York, 1911
• arduous at OneLook Dictionary Search