苦しい
Japanese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
苦 |
くる Grade: 3 |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese. First cited to the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE,[1] and likely extant earlier as the intransitive verb 苦しむ (kurushimu, “to suffer, to be stressed out”) was first cited to the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1]
Analyzable as a compound of bound morpheme ⟨kuru-⟩ (indicates stress or temper) + ⟨-si⟩ (adjectivizing suffix, gives object the possession of the adjective's quality), ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kuru. Compare 狂う (kuruu, “to be mad, to get angry”).[2] Compare also Miyako 苦 (guri) against Miyako 悲す (kanasu, Japanese 悲しい (kanashii, “sad”)).
The modern form kurushii is derived from the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Early Middle Japanese adjective 苦し (kurushi), with the medial /-k-/ falling out.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of 「苦しい」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Continuative (連用形) | 苦しく | くるしく くるしく |
[kùrúꜜshìkù] [kùrúshíꜜkù] |
Terminal (終止形) | 苦しい | くるしい | [kùrúshíꜜì] |
Attributive (連体形) | 苦しい | くるしい | [kùrúshíꜜì] |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 苦しくない | くるしくない くるしくない |
[kùrúꜜshìkùnàì] [kùrúshíꜜkùnàì] |
Informal past | 苦しかった | くるしかった くるしかった |
[kùrúꜜshìkàttà] [kùrúshíꜜkàttà] |
Informal negative past | 苦しくなかった | くるしくなかった くるしくなかった |
[kùrúꜜshìkùnàkàttà] [kùrúshíꜜkùnàkàttà] |
Formal | 苦しいです | くるしいです | [kùrúshíꜜìdèsù] |
Conjunctive | 苦しくて | くるしくて くるしくて |
[kùrúꜜshìkùtè] [kùrúshíꜜkùtè] |
Conditional | 苦しければ | くるしければ くるしければ |
[kùrúꜜshìkèrèbà] [kùrúshíꜜkèrèbà] |
Adjective
[edit]苦しい • (kurushii) -i (adverbial 苦しく (kurushiku))
- physically painful, agonizing
- 1999 October 15, Rumiko Takahashi, “地念児 [Jinenji]”, in [犬](いぬ)[夜](や)[叉](しゃ) [Inuyasha], volume 12 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 62:
- 雲母…苦しいの?
- Kirara… Kurushii no?
- Kirara… Does it still hurt?
- 雲母…苦しいの?
- difficult, strenuous, mentally trying
- mentally agonizing
- tight (budget etc.), straitened
- forced
Inflection
[edit]Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 苦しかろ | くるしかろ | kurushikaro |
Continuative (連用形) | 苦しく | くるしく | kurushiku |
Terminal (終止形) | 苦しい | くるしい | kurushii |
Attributive (連体形) | 苦しい | くるしい | kurushii |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 苦しけれ | くるしけれ | kurushikere |
Imperative (命令形) | 苦しかれ | くるしかれ | kurushikare |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 苦しくない | くるしくない | kurushiku nai |
Informal past | 苦しかった | くるしかった | kurushikatta |
Informal negative past | 苦しくなかった | くるしくなかった | kurushiku nakatta |
Formal | 苦しいです | くるしいです | kurushii desu |
Formal negative | 苦しくないです | くるしくないです | kurushiku nai desu |
Formal past | 苦しかったです | くるしかったです | kurushikatta desu |
Formal negative past | 苦しくなかったです | くるしくなかったです | kurushiku nakatta desu |
Conjunctive | 苦しくて | くるしくて | kurushikute |
Conditional | 苦しければ | くるしければ | kurushikereba |
Provisional | 苦しかったら | くるしかったら | kurushikattara |
Volitional | 苦しかろう | くるしかろう | kurushikarō |
Adverbial | 苦しく | くるしく | kurushiku |
Degree | 苦しさ | くるしさ | kurushisa |
References
[edit]- 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 “苦”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Samuel E. Martin (1987) The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 833
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