悲しい
Japanese
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 悲 |
| かな Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 哀しい (rare) 愛しい (rare) |
Etymology
[edit]⟨kanasiki1⟩ → /kanasiki/ → /kanaɕiː/
From Old Japanese 悲し (kanasi-, “emotionally overwhelming: dear, beloved, sad”), ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kanasi- (“beloved, dear”). First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1]
Historically also meant "dear; beloved; lovely", in addition to "sad". The former senses were later taken over by other adjectives such as 愛らしい (airashii), 愛しい (itoshii), and 可愛い (kawaii). See also the Ryukyuan cognates such as Miyako かなすぃ゚ (kanasï) and Okinawan かなさん (kanasan, “beloved, lovely, cute”), which do not mean "sad".
Considering the original sense of "emotionally overwhelming", might be cognate with 兼ねる (kaneru, “to group together; to be concerned about something”), from the semantic overlap with grief.[2]
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of 悲しい
| Plain | 悲しい | かなしい | [kànáshíí] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctive | 悲しくて | かなしくて | [kànáshíꜜkùtè] |
| Continuative | 悲しく | かなしく | [kànáshíkú] |
| Negative | 悲しくない | かなしくない | [kànáshíkú náꜜì] |
| Past | 悲しかった | かなしかった | [kànáshíꜜkàttà] |
| Negative past | 悲しくなかった | かなしくなかった | [kànáshíkú náꜜkàttà] |
| Conditional | 悲しければ | かなしければ | [kànáshíꜜkèrèbà] |
| Terminal | 悲しい | かなしい かなしい |
[kànáshíí] [kànáshíꜜì] |
| Formal | 悲しいです | かなしいです | [kànáshíꜜì dèsù] |
- Historical evolution of the Kyoto pitch accent
- (the Heian period) HHF
- (the Kamakura period) HHHF
- (the Edo period) HHHL
Adjective
[edit]悲しい • (kanashii) -i (adverbial 悲しく (kanashiku))
- [from 712] sad, sorrowful
- 愛しい: [from 759] (archaic or dialect) beloved, dear
- Synonym: 愛しい (itoshii)
- 愛しい: [from 759] (archaic, possibly obsolete) deeply moving
- 愛しい: [from 1254] (obsolete) admirable
- [from 1254] (obsolete) regrettable
- [from 1305] (obsolete) very poor and miserable
Usage notes
[edit]- "admirable"; "regrettable": Often used in the adverbial form かなしく (kanashiku).
Inflection
[edit]| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 悲しかろ | かなしかろ | kanashikaro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 悲しく | かなしく | kanashiku |
| Terminal (終止形) | 悲しい | かなしい | kanashii |
| Attributive (連体形) | 悲しい | かなしい | kanashii |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 悲しけれ | かなしけれ | kanashikere |
| Imperative (命令形) | 悲しかれ | かなしかれ | kanashikare |
| Key constructions | |||
| Informal negative | 悲しくない | かなしくない | kanashiku nai |
| Informal past | 悲しかった | かなしかった | kanashikatta |
| Informal negative past | 悲しくなかった | かなしくなかった | kanashiku nakatta |
| Formal | 悲しいです | かなしいです | kanashii desu |
| Formal negative | 悲しくないです | かなしくないです | kanashiku nai desu |
| Formal past | 悲しかったです | かなしかったです | kanashikatta desu |
| Formal negative past | 悲しくなかったです | かなしくなかったです | kanashiku nakatta desu |
| Conjunctive | 悲しくて | かなしくて | kanashikute |
| Conditional | 悲しければ | かなしければ | kanashikereba |
| Provisional | 悲しかったら | かなしかったら | kanashikattara |
| Volitional | 悲しかろう | かなしかろう | kanashikarō |
| Adverbial | 悲しく | かなしく | kanashiku |
| Degree | 悲しさ | かなしさ | kanashisa |
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 悲しく[1] 悲しから[2] |
かなしく かなしから |
kanasiku kanasikara |
| Continuative (連用形) | 悲しく[1] 悲しかり[2] |
かなしく かなしかり |
kanasiku kanasikari |
| Terminal (終止形) | 悲し | かなし | kanasi |
| Attributive (連体形) | 悲しき 悲しかる |
かなしき かなしかる |
kanasiki kanasikaru |
| Realis (已然形) | 悲しけれ | かなしけれ | kanasikere |
| Imperative (命令形) | 悲しかれ | かなしかれ | kanasikare |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 悲しからず | かなしからず | kanasikarazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 悲しけれど | かなしけれど | kanasikeredo |
| Causal conjunction | 悲しければ | かなしければ | kanasikereba |
| Conditional conjunction | 悲しくば | かなしくば | kanasikuba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 悲しかりき | かなしかりき | kanasikariki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 悲しかりけり | かなしかりけり | kanasikarikeri |
| Adverbial | 悲しく | かなしく | kanasiku |
[1]Without auxiliary verb.
[2]With auxiliary verb.
Derived terms
[edit]- 悲しむ (kanashimu, “feel sorrow”)
References
[edit]- ^ Frellesvig, Bjarke; Stephen Wright Horn; et al. (eds.) (2023), “Old Japanese kanasi”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese[1]
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000–2002, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Further reading
[edit]- “悲しい”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
- 悲しい/哀しい/かなしい - Gogen Yurai Jiten (in Japanese)
- Japanese terms spelled with 悲 read as かな
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese terms with Heiban pitch accent (Tōkyō)
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese adjectives
- Japanese い-i adjectives
- Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms with archaic senses
- Japanese dialectal terms
- Japanese terms with obsolete senses
- ja:Sadness