οὐρανός

See also: ουρανός, Ουρανός, and Οὐρανός

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

• ὄρᾰνος (órănos) — Aeolic
• ὠρᾰνός (ōrănós) — Doric, Boeotian

Etymology

Of disputed origin, with multiple theories proposed:

• Perhaps from an older *(ϝ)ορσανός (*(w)orsanós), which may be related to οὐρέω (ouréō, “to urinate”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁worseye-, from *h₁wers- (“rain”) (compare Sanskrit वर्षति (varṣati, “it rains”). Beekes appears to favor this derivation.
• From Proto-Indo-European *wers- (“to rise, protrude”), and compared to Lithuanian viršùs (“top, upper”), Sanskrit वर्ष्मन् (varṣman, “height, top”). This is not favored by Beekes.
• Compared to Sanskrit वरुण (váruṇa, “sea god”). This is categorically rejected by Beekes.
• Based on the infix -αν- (-an-), which is difficult to explain as an old Indo-European formation, perhaps Pre-Greek; however, as the sky was very important to Indo-European groups, it is unlikely that a non-Indo-European formation for "sky" would become the dominant word in an Indo-European language.

A folk etymology advanced by Aristotle interpreted it as ὅρος (hóros, “limit”) and ἄνω (ánō, “up”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /uː.ra.nós/ → /u.raˈnos/ → /u.raˈnos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /uː.ra.nós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /u.raˈnos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /u.raˈnos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /u.raˈnos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /u.raˈnos/

Noun

οὐρᾰνός • (ourănós) m (genitive οὐρᾰνοῦ); second declension

1. the vaulted sky, on which the stars were attached and the sun traveled: sky, heaven
2. the region above this vault, the home of the gods
3. (philosophy) the universe
4. anything shaped like the sky: vaulted ceiling, tent

Inflection

Second declension of ὁ οὐρᾰνός; τοῦ οὐρᾰνοῦ (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ οὐρᾰνός ho ourănós	τὼ οὐρᾰνώ tṑ ourănṓ	οἱ οὐρᾰνοί hoi ourănoí
Genitive	τοῦ οὐρᾰνοῦ toû ourănoû	τοῖν οὐρᾰνοῖν toîn ourănoîn	τῶν οὐρᾰνῶν tôn ourănôn
Dative	τῷ οὐρᾰνῷ tôi ourănôi	τοῖν οὐρᾰνοῖν toîn ourănoîn	τοῖς οὐρᾰνοῖς toîs ourănoîs
Accusative	τὸν οὐρᾰνόν tòn ourănón	τὼ οὐρᾰνώ tṑ ourănṓ	τοὺς οὐρᾰνούς toùs ourănoús
Vocative	οὐρᾰνέ ourăné	οὐρᾰνώ ourănṓ	οὐρᾰνοί ourănoí
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension. Classical authors did not use the plural forms, which are not seen until later Greek, especially in Christian writings such as the New Testament.

Derived terms

• Οὐρανία (Ouranía)
• οὐράνιος (ouránios)
• οὐρᾰνῐ́σκος (ourănĭ́skos)
• Οὐρανίωνες (Ouraníōnes)
• οὐρανόθεν (ouranóthen)
• οὐρανόθι (ouranóthi)
• Οὐρανός (Ouranós)
• οὐρανοσκόπος (ouranoskópos)
• οὐρᾰνοῦχος (ourănoûkhos)
• οὐρανόφι (ouranóphi)
• οὐρανόω (ouranóō)
• ὑπερουρᾰ́νῐος (huperourắnĭos)

Descendants

• Greek: ουρανός (ouranós)
• Mariupol Greek: урано́с (uranós), урано́ (uranó)

Further reading

• “οὐρανός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “οὐρανός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “οὐρανός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• οὐρανός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• οὐρανός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “οὐρανός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G3772 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• οὐρανός in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • air idem, page 21.
  • firmament idem, page 322.
  • heaven idem, page 393.
  • palate idem, page 589.
  • sky idem, page 781.
  • uranus idem, page 939.
  • weather idem, page 971.
  • welkin idem, page 973.