دشوار

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian دشوار (došvâr, “difficult, hard”), from Middle Persian [script needed] (dwšw'l /⁠dušwār⁠/).

Adjective

دشوار • (düşvâr)

1. difficult, hard, cumbersome, demanding to handle or get around with

   Synonyms: چتین (çetin), سخت (saht), گوچ (güç), مشكل (müşkil)

Derived terms

• دشوار پسند (düşvâr pesend, “hard to please”)
• دشوارلق (düşvârlık, “difficulty, hardness”)
• دشواری (düşvârî, “difficulty, hardness”)

 

Descendants

• Turkish: düşvar

Further reading

• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “düşvar”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1338
• Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “düşvâr”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎^[1] (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 231
• Kélékian, Diran (1911) “دشوار”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[2], Constantinople: Mihran, page 573
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Difficilis”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎^[3], Vienna, column 385
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “دشوار”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[4], Vienna, column 2086
• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “دشوار”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[5], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 904

Persian

Alternative forms

• دشخوار (došxvâr), دژوار (dožvâr)

Etymology

From Middle Persian [script needed] (dwšw'l /⁠dušwār⁠/), from Old Persian [Term?]. By surface analysis, دش (duš-, “bad”) +‎ خوار (xvâr, “easy; mean, abject”), denoting the opposite of easy; see Proto-Iranian *duš- (“bad”) for more on the prefix. Compare Old Armenian դժուար (džuar), an Iranian borrowing.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [duʃ.ˈwɑːɾ]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪ʊʃ.wɑ́ːɾ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪ʊʃ.wɑ́ːɾ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d̪ʊʃ.wɑ́ːɾ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d̪uʃ.wɔ́ːɾ]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪oʃ.vɒ́ːɹ]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪uʃ.vɔ́ɾ]

Readings
Classical reading?	dušwār
Dari reading?	dušwār
Iranian reading?	došvâr
Tajik reading?	dušvor

Adjective

دشوار • (došvâr) (comparative دشوارتَر (došvâr-tar), superlative دشوارتَرین (došvâr-tarin))

1. difficult, hard

   Synonym: سخت (saxt)

Descendants

• → Azerbaijani: düşvar
• → Ottoman Turkish: دشوار (düşvâr)
  • Turkish: düşvar