करुणा

See also: करण, कर्ण, कारण, and करणे

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit करुणा (karuṇā).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /kə.ɾʊ.ɳɑː/, [kɐ.ɾʊ.ɳäː]

Noun

करुणा • (karuṇā) f (Urdu spelling کرنا)

1. compassion, pity, kindness, mercy

   महात्मा गाँधी प्रेम और करुणा के प्रतिरूप थे।

   mahātmā gāndhī prem aur karuṇā ke pratirūp the.

   Mahatma Gandhi was a model of love and compassion.

Declension

Declension of करुणा (fem ā-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	करुणा karuṇā	करुणाएँ karuṇāẽ
oblique	करुणा karuṇā	करुणाओं karuṇāõ
vocative	करुणा karuṇā	करुणाओ karuṇāo

References

• Bahri, Hardev (1989) “करुणा”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
• Caturvedi, Mahendra, Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970) “करुणा”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House
• “करुणा”, in Collins Gem Hindi-English Dictionary, Collins, 2011, →ISBN
• Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “करुणा”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “करुणा”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
• Platts, John T. (1884) “करुणा”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit करुणा (karuṇā).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kə.ɾu.ɳa/

Noun

करुणा • (karuṇā) f

1. compassion, kindness

   Synonym: दया (dayā)

Declension

Declension of करुणा (fem ā-stem)
direct singular	करुणा karuṇā
direct plural	करुणा karuṇā
	singular एकवचन		plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	करुणा karuṇā		करुणा karuṇā
oblique सामान्यरूप	करुणे karuṇe		करुणां- karuṇān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	करुणेला karuṇelā		करुणांना karuṇānnā
ergative	करुणेने, करुणेनं karuṇene, karuṇena		करुणांनी karuṇānnī
instrumental	करुणेशी karuṇeśī		करुणांशी karuṇānśī
locative सप्तमी	करुणेत karuṇet		करुणांत karuṇāt
vocative संबोधन	करुणे karuṇe		करुणांनो karuṇānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of करुणा (fem ā-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	करुणेचा karuṇeċā	करुणेचे karuṇeċe	करुणेची karuṇecī	करुणेच्या karuṇecā	करुणेचे, करुणेचं karuṇeċe, karuṇeċa	करुणेची karuṇecī	करुणेच्या karuṇecā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	करुणांचा karuṇānċā	करुणांचे karuṇānċe	करुणांची karuṇāñcī	करुणांच्या karuṇāncā	करुणांचे, करुणांचं karuṇānċe, karuṇānċa	करुणांची karuṇāñcī	करुणांच्या karuṇāñcā
* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

References

• Berntsen, Maxine, “करुणा”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1982-1983.

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• কৰুণা (Assamese script)
• ᬓᬭᬸᬡᬵ (Balinese script)
• করুণা (Bengali script)
• 𑰎𑰨𑰲𑰜𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀓𑀭𑀼𑀡𑀸 (Brahmi script)
• ကရုဏာ (Burmese script)
• કરુણા (Gujarati script)
• ਕਰੁਣਾ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌕𑌰𑍁𑌣𑌾 (Grantha script)
• ꦏꦫꦸꦟꦴ (Javanese script)
• 𑂍𑂩𑂳𑂝𑂰 (Kaithi script)
• ಕರುಣಾ (Kannada script)
• ករុណា (Khmer script)
• ກຣຸຓາ (Lao script)
• കരുണാ (Malayalam script)
• ᡬᠠᡵᡠᢏᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
• 𑘎𑘨𑘳𑘜𑘰 (Modi script)
• ᢉᠠᠷᠤᢏᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦮𑧈𑧔𑦼𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐎𑐬𑐸𑐞𑐵 (Newa script)
• କରୁଣା (Odia script)
• ꢒꢬꢸꢠꢵ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆑𑆫𑆶𑆟𑆳 (Sharada script)
• 𑖎𑖨𑗜𑖜𑖯 (Siddham script)
• කරුණා (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩜𑩼𑩒𑩪𑩛 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚊𑚤𑚰𑚘𑚭 (Takri script)
• கருணா (Tamil script)
• కరుణా (Telugu script)
• กรุณา (Thai script)
• ཀ་རུ་ཎཱ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒏𑒩𑒳𑒝𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨋𑨫𑨃𑨘𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /kɐ́.ɾu.ɳɑː/
• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈkɐ.ɾu.ɳɑː/

Noun

करुणा • (karuṇā) stem, f

1. pity, compassion

Declension

Feminine ā-stem declension of करुणा (karuṇā)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	करुणा karuṇā	करुणे karuṇe	करुणाः karuṇāḥ
Vocative	करुणे karuṇe	करुणे karuṇe	करुणाः karuṇāḥ
Accusative	करुणाम् karuṇām	करुणे karuṇe	करुणाः karuṇāḥ
Instrumental	करुणया / करुणा¹ karuṇayā / karuṇā¹	करुणाभ्याम् karuṇābhyām	करुणाभिः karuṇābhiḥ
Dative	करुणायै karuṇāyai	करुणाभ्याम् karuṇābhyām	करुणाभ्यः karuṇābhyaḥ
Ablative	करुणायाः / करुणायै² karuṇāyāḥ / karuṇāyai²	करुणाभ्याम् karuṇābhyām	करुणाभ्यः karuṇābhyaḥ
Genitive	करुणायाः / करुणायै² karuṇāyāḥ / karuṇāyai²	करुणयोः karuṇayoḥ	करुणानाम् karuṇānām
Locative	करुणायाम् karuṇāyām	करुणयोः karuṇayoḥ	करुणासु karuṇāsu
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Descendants

• Pali: karuṇā
• Prakrit: 𑀓𑀮𑀼𑀡𑀸 (kaluṇā)
  • Southern:
    • Dhivehi: ކުލުނު (kulunu)
    • Sinhalese: කුලුණ (kuluṇa)

Borrowed terms

• → Hindi: करुणा (karuṇā) (learned)
• → Kannada: ಕರುಣ (karuṇa)
• → Malayalam: കരുണ (karuṇa)
• → Old Javanese: karuṇā, karuṇa
  • > Javanese: ꦏꦫꦸꦤ (karuna) (inherited)
• → Tamil: கருணை (karuṇai) (learned)
• → Telugu: కరుణ (karuṇa)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “करुणा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 255.
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “karuna”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 142