श्रमण

See also: शिरोमणि

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit श्रमण (śramaṇa).

Pronunciation

(Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /ʃɾə.məɳ/, [ʃɾɐ.mɐ̃ɳ]

Noun

श्रमण • (śramaṇ) m

(Buddhism, Jainism) ascetic, monk

Declension

Declension of *श्रमण* (masc cons-stem)
	singular	plural
direct	श्रमण śramaṇ	श्रमण śramaṇ
oblique	श्रमण śramaṇ	श्रमणों śramaṇõ
vocative	श्रमण śramaṇ	श्रमणो śramaṇo

References

McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “श्रमण”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

শ্ৰমণ (Assamese script)
ᬰ᭄ᬭᬫᬡ (Balinese script)
শ্রমণ (Bengali script)
𑰫𑰿𑰨𑰦𑰜 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀰𑁆𑀭𑀫𑀡 (Brahmi script)
ၐြမဏ (Burmese script)
શ્રમણ (Gujarati script)
ਸ਼੍ਰਮਣ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌶𑍍𑌰𑌮𑌣 (Grantha script)
ꦯꦿꦩꦟ (Javanese script)
𑂬𑂹𑂩𑂧𑂝 (Kaithi script)
ಶ್ರಮಣ (Kannada script)
ឝ្រមណ (Khmer script)
ຨ຺ຣມຓ (Lao script)
ശ്രമണ (Malayalam script)
ᡧᡵᠠᠮᠠᢏᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘫𑘿𑘨𑘦𑘜 (Modi script)
ᠱᠷᠠᠮᠠᢏᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑧋𑧠𑧈𑧆𑦼 (Nandinagari script)
𑐱𑑂𑐬𑐩𑐞 (Newa script)
ଶ୍ରମଣ (Odia script)
ꢯ꣄ꢬꢪꢠ (Saurashtra script)
𑆯𑇀𑆫𑆩𑆟 (Sharada script)
𑖫𑖿𑖨𑖦𑖜 (Siddham script)
ශ්‍රමණ (Sinhalese script)
𑩿 𑪙𑩼𑩴𑩪 (Soyombo script)
𑚧𑚶𑚤𑚢𑚘 (Takri script)
ஶ்ரமண (Tamil script)
శ్రమణ (Telugu script)
ศฺรมณ (Thai script)
ཤྲ་མ་ཎ (Tibetan script)
𑒬𑓂𑒩𑒧𑒝 (Tirhuta script)
𑨮𑩇𑨫𑨢𑨘 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Apparently from the root श्रम् (śram, “to be or become weary or tired, be tired of doing anything”), which however is mixed in meaning with शम् (śam, “to exert”).^[1]^[2]

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɕɾɐ.mɐ.ɳɐ́/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ɕɾɐ.mɐ.ɳɐ/

Adjective

श्र॒म॒ण • (śramaṇá) stem

making effort or exertion, toiling, labouring, (esp.) following a toilsome or menial business (W.)
base, vile, bad (ib.)
naked (L.)

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of श्र॒म॒ण
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	श्र॒म॒णः (śramaṇáḥ)	श्र॒म॒णौ (śramaṇáu) श्र॒म॒णा¹ (śramaṇā́¹)	श्र॒म॒णाः (śramaṇā́ḥ) श्र॒म॒णासः॑¹ (śramaṇā́saḥ¹)
accusative	श्र॒म॒णम् (śramaṇám)	श्र॒म॒णौ (śramaṇáu) श्र॒म॒णा¹ (śramaṇā́¹)	श्र॒म॒णान् (śramaṇā́n)
instrumental	श्र॒म॒णेन॑ (śramaṇéna)	श्र॒म॒णाभ्या॑म् (śramaṇā́bhyām)	श्र॒म॒णैः (śramaṇáiḥ) श्र॒म॒णेभिः॑¹ (śramaṇébhiḥ¹)
dative	श्र॒म॒णाय॑ (śramaṇā́ya)	श्र॒म॒णाभ्या॑म् (śramaṇā́bhyām)	श्र॒म॒णेभ्यः॑ (śramaṇébhyaḥ)
ablative	श्र॒म॒णात् (śramaṇā́t)	श्र॒म॒णाभ्या॑म् (śramaṇā́bhyām)	श्र॒म॒णेभ्यः॑ (śramaṇébhyaḥ)
genitive	श्र॒म॒णस्य॑ (śramaṇásya)	श्र॒म॒णयोः॑ (śramaṇáyoḥ)	श्र॒म॒णाना॑म् (śramaṇā́nām)
locative	श्र॒म॒णे (śramaṇé)	श्र॒म॒णयोः॑ (śramaṇáyoḥ)	श्र॒म॒णेषु॑ (śramaṇéṣu)
vocative	श्रम॑ण (śrámaṇa)	श्रम॑णौ (śrámaṇau) श्रम॑णा¹ (śrámaṇā¹)	श्रम॑णाः (śrámaṇāḥ) श्रम॑णासः¹ (śrámaṇāsaḥ¹)

¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of श्र॒म॒णा
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	श्र॒म॒णा (śramaṇā́)	श्र॒म॒णे (śramaṇé)	श्र॒म॒णाः (śramaṇā́ḥ)
accusative	श्र॒म॒णाम् (śramaṇā́m)	श्र॒म॒णे (śramaṇé)	श्र॒म॒णाः (śramaṇā́ḥ)
instrumental	श्र॒म॒णया॑ (śramaṇáyā) श्र॒म॒णा¹ (śramaṇā́¹)	श्र॒म॒णाभ्या॑म् (śramaṇā́bhyām)	श्र॒म॒णाभिः॑ (śramaṇā́bhiḥ)
dative	श्र॒म॒णायै॑ (śramaṇā́yai)	श्र॒म॒णाभ्या॑म् (śramaṇā́bhyām)	श्र॒म॒णाभ्यः॑ (śramaṇā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	श्र॒म॒णायाः॑ (śramaṇā́yāḥ) श्र॒म॒णायै॑² (śramaṇā́yai²)	श्र॒म॒णाभ्या॑म् (śramaṇā́bhyām)	श्र॒म॒णाभ्यः॑ (śramaṇā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	श्र॒म॒णायाः॑ (śramaṇā́yāḥ) श्र॒म॒णायै॑² (śramaṇā́yai²)	श्र॒म॒णयोः॑ (śramaṇáyoḥ)	श्र॒म॒णाना॑म् (śramaṇā́nām)
locative	श्र॒म॒णाया॑म् (śramaṇā́yām)	श्र॒म॒णयोः॑ (śramaṇáyoḥ)	श्र॒म॒णासु॑ (śramaṇā́su)
vocative	श्रम॑णे (śrámaṇe)	श्रम॑णे (śrámaṇe)	श्रम॑णाः (śrámaṇāḥ)

¹Vedic
²Brāhmaṇas

Feminine ī-stem declension of श्र॒म॒णी
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	श्र॒म॒णी (śramaṇī́)	श्र॒म॒ण्यौ॑ (śramaṇyàu) श्र॒म॒णी¹ (śramaṇī́¹)	श्र॒म॒ण्यः॑ (śramaṇyàḥ) श्र॒म॒णीः¹ (śramaṇī́ḥ¹)
accusative	श्र॒म॒णीम् (śramaṇī́m)	श्र॒म॒ण्यौ॑ (śramaṇyàu) श्र॒म॒णी¹ (śramaṇī́¹)	श्र॒म॒णीः (śramaṇī́ḥ)
instrumental	श्र॒म॒ण्या (śramaṇyā́)	श्र॒म॒णीभ्या॑म् (śramaṇī́bhyām)	श्र॒म॒णीभिः॑ (śramaṇī́bhiḥ)
dative	श्र॒म॒ण्यै (śramaṇyái)	श्र॒म॒णीभ्या॑म् (śramaṇī́bhyām)	श्र॒म॒णीभ्यः॑ (śramaṇī́bhyaḥ)
ablative	श्र॒म॒ण्याः (śramaṇyā́ḥ) श्र॒म॒ण्यै² (śramaṇyái²)	श्र॒म॒णीभ्या॑म् (śramaṇī́bhyām)	श्र॒म॒णीभ्यः॑ (śramaṇī́bhyaḥ)
genitive	श्र॒म॒ण्याः (śramaṇyā́ḥ) श्र॒म॒ण्यै² (śramaṇyái²)	श्र॒म॒ण्योः (śramaṇyóḥ)	श्र॒म॒णीना॑म् (śramaṇī́nām) श्र॒म॒णी॒नाम्³ (śramaṇīnā́m³)
locative	श्र॒म॒ण्याम् (śramaṇyā́m)	श्र॒म॒ण्योः (śramaṇyóḥ)	श्र॒म॒णीषु॑ (śramaṇī́ṣu)
vocative	श्रम॑णि (śrámaṇi)	श्रम॑ण्यौ (śrámaṇyau) श्रम॑णी¹ (śrámaṇī¹)	श्रम॑ण्यः (śrámaṇyaḥ) श्रम॑णीः¹ (śrámaṇīḥ¹)

¹Vedic
²Brāhmaṇas
³Rigvedic

Neuter a-stem declension of श्र॒म॒ण
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	श्र॒म॒णम् (śramaṇám)	श्र॒म॒णे (śramaṇé)	श्र॒म॒णानि॑ (śramaṇā́ni) श्र॒म॒णा¹ (śramaṇā́¹)
accusative	श्र॒म॒णम् (śramaṇám)	श्र॒म॒णे (śramaṇé)	श्र॒म॒णानि॑ (śramaṇā́ni) श्र॒म॒णा¹ (śramaṇā́¹)
instrumental	श्र॒म॒णेन॑ (śramaṇéna)	श्र॒म॒णाभ्या॑म् (śramaṇā́bhyām)	श्र॒म॒णैः (śramaṇáiḥ) श्र॒म॒णेभिः॑¹ (śramaṇébhiḥ¹)
dative	श्र॒म॒णाय॑ (śramaṇā́ya)	श्र॒म॒णाभ्या॑म् (śramaṇā́bhyām)	श्र॒म॒णेभ्यः॑ (śramaṇébhyaḥ)
ablative	श्र॒म॒णात् (śramaṇā́t)	श्र॒म॒णाभ्या॑म् (śramaṇā́bhyām)	श्र॒म॒णेभ्यः॑ (śramaṇébhyaḥ)
genitive	श्र॒म॒णस्य॑ (śramaṇásya)	श्र॒म॒णयोः॑ (śramaṇáyoḥ)	श्र॒म॒णाना॑म् (śramaṇā́nām)
locative	श्र॒म॒णे (śramaṇé)	श्र॒म॒णयोः॑ (śramaṇáyoḥ)	श्र॒म॒णेषु॑ (śramaṇéṣu)
vocative	श्रम॑ण (śrámaṇa)	श्रम॑णे (śrámaṇe)	श्रम॑णानि (śrámaṇāni) श्रम॑णा¹ (śrámaṇā¹)

¹Vedic

Noun

श्र॒म॒ण • (śramaṇá) stem, m

one who performs acts of mortification or austerity, an ascetic, monk, devotee, religious mendicant (ŚBr. etc.)
a Buddhist monk or mendicant (also applied to Buddha himself compare MWB. 23 etc.; also applied to a Jain ascetic now commonly called yati) (MBh., R. etc.)
name of a serpent-demon (Buddh.)

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of श्र॒म॒ण
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	श्र॒म॒णः (śramaṇáḥ)	श्र॒म॒णौ (śramaṇáu) श्र॒म॒णा¹ (śramaṇā́¹)	श्र॒म॒णाः (śramaṇā́ḥ) श्र॒म॒णासः॑¹ (śramaṇā́saḥ¹)
accusative	श्र॒म॒णम् (śramaṇám)	श्र॒म॒णौ (śramaṇáu) श्र॒म॒णा¹ (śramaṇā́¹)	श्र॒म॒णान् (śramaṇā́n)
instrumental	श्र॒म॒णेन॑ (śramaṇéna)	श्र॒म॒णाभ्या॑म् (śramaṇā́bhyām)	श्र॒म॒णैः (śramaṇáiḥ) श्र॒म॒णेभिः॑¹ (śramaṇébhiḥ¹)
dative	श्र॒म॒णाय॑ (śramaṇā́ya)	श्र॒म॒णाभ्या॑म् (śramaṇā́bhyām)	श्र॒म॒णेभ्यः॑ (śramaṇébhyaḥ)
ablative	श्र॒म॒णात् (śramaṇā́t)	श्र॒म॒णाभ्या॑म् (śramaṇā́bhyām)	श्र॒म॒णेभ्यः॑ (śramaṇébhyaḥ)
genitive	श्र॒म॒णस्य॑ (śramaṇásya)	श्र॒म॒णयोः॑ (śramaṇáyoḥ)	श्र॒म॒णाना॑म् (śramaṇā́nām)
locative	श्र॒म॒णे (śramaṇé)	श्र॒म॒णयोः॑ (śramaṇáyoḥ)	श्र॒म॒णेषु॑ (śramaṇéṣu)
vocative	श्रम॑ण (śrámaṇa)	श्रम॑णौ (śrámaṇau) श्रम॑णा¹ (śrámaṇā¹)	श्रम॑णाः (śrámaṇāḥ) श्रम॑णासः¹ (śrámaṇāsaḥ¹)

¹Vedic

Descendants

Gandhari: 𐨮𐨨𐨣 (ṣamana)
Pali: samaṇa
- → Tamil: சமணம் (camaṇam), சமணர் (camaṇar)
→ Ancient Greek: Σαρμάναι (Sarmánai, “Sarmanae”), Σαμαναίοι (Samanaíoi, “Samanaeans”)
→ Proto-Tocharian: *ṣāmānä
- → Tocharian A: ṣāmaṃ
  - → Middle Chinese: 沙門 (MC srae mwon) (incertae sedis)
- → Tocharian B: ṣamāne
→ Bengali: শ্রমণ (sromon)
→ Hindi: श्रमण (śramaṇ)
→ English: sramana

Noun

श्रमण • (śramaṇa) stem, n

toil, labour, exertion

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of श्रमण
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	श्रमणम् (śramaṇam)	श्रमणे (śramaṇe)	श्रमणानि (śramaṇāni) श्रमणा¹ (śramaṇā¹)
accusative	श्रमणम् (śramaṇam)	श्रमणे (śramaṇe)	श्रमणानि (śramaṇāni) श्रमणा¹ (śramaṇā¹)
instrumental	श्रमणेन (śramaṇena)	श्रमणाभ्याम् (śramaṇābhyām)	श्रमणैः (śramaṇaiḥ) श्रमणेभिः¹ (śramaṇebhiḥ¹)
dative	श्रमणाय (śramaṇāya)	श्रमणाभ्याम् (śramaṇābhyām)	श्रमणेभ्यः (śramaṇebhyaḥ)
ablative	श्रमणात् (śramaṇāt)	श्रमणाभ्याम् (śramaṇābhyām)	श्रमणेभ्यः (śramaṇebhyaḥ)
genitive	श्रमणस्य (śramaṇasya)	श्रमणयोः (śramaṇayoḥ)	श्रमणानाम् (śramaṇānām)
locative	श्रमणे (śramaṇe)	श्रमणयोः (śramaṇayoḥ)	श्रमणेषु (śramaṇeṣu)
vocative	श्रमण (śramaṇa)	श्रमणे (śramaṇe)	श्रमणानि (śramaṇāni) श्रमणा¹ (śramaṇā¹)

¹Vedic

References

^ Pali Text Society (1921–1925), “samaṇa”, in Pali-English Dictionary‎, London: Chipstead
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “ŚRAM^I”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 664

Monier Williams (1899), “श्रमण”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1096.

[1] Pali Text Society (1921–1925), “samaṇa”, in Pali-English Dictionary‎, London: Chipstead

[2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “ŚRAM^I”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 664

[1]

[2]