स्तब्ध

Hindi

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *stebʰ-

Proto-Indo-Iranian *stabdʰás

Sanskrit स्तब्ध (stabdha)bor.

Hindi स्तब्ध (stabdh)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit स्तब्ध (stabdha). Doublet of ठाढ़ा (ṭhāṛhā).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /st̪əbd̪ʱ/, [st̪ɐbd̪ʱ]

Adjective

स्तब्ध • (stabdh) (indeclinable)

1. fixed, firm
2. brought to a standstill, motionless, inert
3. numb, insensible

Noun

स्तब्ध • (stabdh) m

1. postponement, deferment, adjournment

Declension

Declension of स्तब्ध (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	स्तब्ध stabdh	स्तब्ध stabdh
oblique	स्तब्ध stabdh	स्तब्धों stabdhõ
vocative	स्तब्ध stabdh	स्तब्धो stabdho

Derived terms

• अस्तब्ध (astabdh, “unsteady”)
• निस्तब्ध (nistabdh, “motionless”)
• निस्तब्धता (nistabdhatā, “stillness”)

References

• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “स्तब्ध”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• স্তব্ধ (Assamese script)
• ᬲ᭄ᬢᬩ᭄ᬥ (Balinese script)
• স্তব্ধ (Bengali script)
• 𑰭𑰿𑰝𑰤𑰿𑰠 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀩𑁆𑀥 (Brahmi script)
• သ္တဗ္ဓ (Burmese script)
• સ્તબ્ધ (Gujarati script)
• ਸ੍ਤਬ੍ਧ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌸𑍍𑌤𑌬𑍍𑌧 (Grantha script)
• ꦱ꧀ꦠꦧ꧀ꦣ (Javanese script)
• 𑂮𑂹𑂞𑂥𑂹𑂡 (Kaithi script)
• ಸ್ತಬ್ಧ (Kannada script)
• ស្តព្ធ (Khmer script)
• ສ຺ຕພ຺ຘ (Lao script)
• സ്തബ്ധ (Malayalam script)
• ᠰᢠᠠᠪᢡᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘭𑘿𑘝𑘤𑘿𑘠 (Modi script)
• ᠰᢐᠠᠪᢑᠾᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧍𑧠𑦽𑧄𑧠𑧀 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐳𑑂𑐟𑐧𑑂𑐢 (Newa script)
• ସ୍ତବ୍ଧ (Odia script)
• ꢱ꣄ꢡꢨ꣄ꢤ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆱𑇀𑆠𑆧𑇀𑆣 (Sharada script)
• 𑖭𑖿𑖝𑖤𑖿𑖠 (Siddham script)
• ස‍්තබ‍්ධ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑪁 𑪙𑩫𑩲 𑪙𑩮 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚨𑚶𑚙𑚠𑚶𑚜 (Takri script)
• ஸ்தப்³த⁴ (Tamil script)
• స్తబ్ధ (Telugu script)
• สฺตพฺธ (Thai script)
• སྟ་བྡྷ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒮𑓂𑒞𑒥𑓂𑒡 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨰𑩇𑨙𑨠𑩇𑨜 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *stebʰ-

Proto-Indo-Iranian *stabdʰás

Sanskrit स्तब्ध (stabdha)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *stabdʰás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stabdʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *stebʰ-tó-s. From the root स्तभ् (stabh) +‎ -त (-ta).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /stɐb.dʱɐ́/, [stɐb̚.dʱɐ́]
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /s̪t̪ɐb.d̪ʱɐ/, [s̪t̪ɐb̚.d̪ʱɐ]

Adjective

स्तब्ध • (stabdhá) stem (root स्तभ्)

1. firmly fixed, supported, propped
2. reaching up to
3. stiff, rigid, immovable, paralyzed, senseless, dull
4. solidified (as water)
5. puffed up, proud, arrogant
6. tardy, slack, slow
7. obstinate, stubborn, hard-hearted
8. coarse

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of स्तब्ध

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	स्तब्धः (stabdháḥ)	स्तब्धौ (stabdháu) स्तब्धा¹ (stabdhā́¹)	स्तब्धाः (stabdhā́ḥ) स्तब्धासः¹ (stabdhā́saḥ¹)
accusative	स्तब्धम् (stabdhám)	स्तब्धौ (stabdháu) स्तब्धा¹ (stabdhā́¹)	स्तब्धान् (stabdhā́n)
instrumental	स्तब्धेन (stabdhéna)	स्तब्धाभ्याम् (stabdhā́bhyām)	स्तब्धैः (stabdháiḥ) स्तब्धेभिः¹ (stabdhébhiḥ¹)
dative	स्तब्धाय (stabdhā́ya)	स्तब्धाभ्याम् (stabdhā́bhyām)	स्तब्धेभ्यः (stabdhébhyaḥ)
ablative	स्तब्धात् (stabdhā́t)	स्तब्धाभ्याम् (stabdhā́bhyām)	स्तब्धेभ्यः (stabdhébhyaḥ)
genitive	स्तब्धस्य (stabdhásya)	स्तब्धयोः (stabdháyoḥ)	स्तब्धानाम् (stabdhā́nām)
locative	स्तब्धे (stabdhé)	स्तब्धयोः (stabdháyoḥ)	स्तब्धेषु (stabdhéṣu)
vocative	स्तब्ध (stábdha)	स्तब्धौ (stábdhau) स्तब्धा¹ (stábdhā¹)	स्तब्धाः (stábdhāḥ) स्तब्धासः¹ (stábdhāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of स्तब्धा

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	स्तब्धा (stabdhā́)	स्तब्धे (stabdhé)	स्तब्धाः (stabdhā́ḥ)
accusative	स्तब्धाम् (stabdhā́m)	स्तब्धे (stabdhé)	स्तब्धाः (stabdhā́ḥ)
instrumental	स्तब्धया (stabdháyā) स्तब्धा¹ (stabdhā́¹)	स्तब्धाभ्याम् (stabdhā́bhyām)	स्तब्धाभिः (stabdhā́bhiḥ)
dative	स्तब्धायै (stabdhā́yai)	स्तब्धाभ्याम् (stabdhā́bhyām)	स्तब्धाभ्यः (stabdhā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	स्तब्धायाः (stabdhā́yāḥ) स्तब्धायै² (stabdhā́yai²)	स्तब्धाभ्याम् (stabdhā́bhyām)	स्तब्धाभ्यः (stabdhā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	स्तब्धायाः (stabdhā́yāḥ) स्तब्धायै² (stabdhā́yai²)	स्तब्धयोः (stabdháyoḥ)	स्तब्धानाम् (stabdhā́nām)
locative	स्तब्धायाम् (stabdhā́yām)	स्तब्धयोः (stabdháyoḥ)	स्तब्धासु (stabdhā́su)
vocative	स्तब्धे (stábdhe)	स्तब्धे (stábdhe)	स्तब्धाः (stábdhāḥ)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of स्तब्ध

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	स्तब्धम् (stabdhám)	स्तब्धे (stabdhé)	स्तब्धानि (stabdhā́ni) स्तब्धा¹ (stabdhā́¹)
accusative	स्तब्धम् (stabdhám)	स्तब्धे (stabdhé)	स्तब्धानि (stabdhā́ni) स्तब्धा¹ (stabdhā́¹)
instrumental	स्तब्धेन (stabdhéna)	स्तब्धाभ्याम् (stabdhā́bhyām)	स्तब्धैः (stabdháiḥ) स्तब्धेभिः¹ (stabdhébhiḥ¹)
dative	स्तब्धाय (stabdhā́ya)	स्तब्धाभ्याम् (stabdhā́bhyām)	स्तब्धेभ्यः (stabdhébhyaḥ)
ablative	स्तब्धात् (stabdhā́t)	स्तब्धाभ्याम् (stabdhā́bhyām)	स्तब्धेभ्यः (stabdhébhyaḥ)
genitive	स्तब्धस्य (stabdhásya)	स्तब्धयोः (stabdháyoḥ)	स्तब्धानाम् (stabdhā́nām)
locative	स्तब्धे (stabdhé)	स्तब्धयोः (stabdháyoḥ)	स्तब्धेषु (stabdhéṣu)
vocative	स्तब्ध (stábdha)	स्तब्धे (stábdhe)	स्तब्धानि (stábdhāni) स्तब्धा¹ (stábdhā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Descendants

• Pali: thaddha (“hard, firm, slow”)
• Prakrit: 𑀣𑀤𑁆𑀥 (thaddha), 𑀣𑀟𑁆𑀠 (thaḍḍha), 𑀣𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀺𑀅 (thaḍḍhia, “fixed, firm”), 𑀞𑀟𑁆𑀠 (ṭhaḍḍha, “blunted, cold”), (influenced by Proto-Dravidian *taṇ (“cold”):) *𑀣𑀡𑁆𑀠 (*thaṇḍha), *𑀞𑀡𑁆𑀠 (*ṭhaṇḍha)
  • Dardic:
    • Shumashti: [script needed] (tāṛe, “above, up”)
    • Kashmiri: [script needed] (thodu), [script needed] (thaṇḍ)
  • Eastern:
    • Magadhi Prakrit:
      • Bengali: ঠান্ডা (ṭhanḍa)
      • Maithili: [script needed] (ṭhāṛh), [script needed] (ṭhāṛhab, “to stand”)
  • Central:
    • Sauraseni Prakrit:
      • Old Gujarati:
        • Gujarati: ટાઢું (ṭāḍhũ), તાઢું (tāḍhũ, “sluggish, contented, cold”)
      • Hindi: ठाढ़ (ṭhāṛh), ठाड़ (ṭhāṛ), ठाड़ा (ṭhāṛā), ठाढ़ा (ṭhāṛhā, “fixed, stationary, erect, steep”), ठाढ़ना (ṭhāṛhnā, “to be fixed, stand up”), ठंढ (ṭhaṇḍh, “cold”), ठंढा (ṭhaṇḍhā), ठंड (ṭhaṇḍ), ठंडा (ṭhaṇḍā)
      • Pahari:
        • Nepali: ठाडो (ṭhāḍo, “vertical, rude, gauche”)
        • Western Pahari:
          • Jaunsari: [script needed] (ṭhāṛō, “standing”), [script needed] (ṭhāḍā)
    • Romani: tardo
  • Southern
    • Maharastri Prakrit:
      • Marathi: ठाडा (ṭhāḍā, “erect”)
  • Northwestern:
    • Punjabi: ṭhaḍḍā (boundary pillar)

      Gurmukhi script: ਠੱਡਾ

      Shahmukhi script: ٹَھڈّا

    • Sindhi: ٿڌو (thadho, “cold”)
    • Lahnda: [script needed] (ṭhaḍḍhā)
    • Kumaoni: [script needed] (ṭhāṛo, “ascent”)
• → Hindi: स्तब्ध (stabdh)

References

• Monier Williams (1899), “स्तब्ध”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1258/1.
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “stabdha”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press