끌다

Korean

Etymology

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 그ᅀᅳ다〮 (Yale: kùzù-tá), from pre-MK *kùsùk-, a form preserved in many dialects; compare Jeolla Korean 끄슥다 (kkeuseukda), Gyeongsang Korean 끄시다 (kkeusida), Yukjin Korean 끄스다 (kkeuseuda).

The modern Standard Korean form is highly irregular, involving not only spontaneous initial tensing (a common if irregular process in Korean) but an inexplicable addition of /l/; the expected reflex is *그다 (*geuda) or *끄다 (*kkeuda). The same irregular shift occurred somewhat earlier in 이끌다 (ikkeulda, “to lead”), which probably affected this verb's development.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ˈk͈ɯ(ː)ɭda̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [끌(ː)다]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	kkeulda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	kkeulda
McCune–Reischauer?	kkŭlda
Yale Romanization?	kkūlta

Verb

Korean verb set

Base	끌다 (kkeulda)
Causative	끌리다 (kkeullida)
Passive	끌리다 (kkeullida)

끌다 • (kkeulda) (infinitive 끌어, sequential 끄니) (transitive)

1. to pull, to draw, to drag

   의자를 끌다 ― uija-reul kkeulda ― to drag a chair

   수레를 끌다 ― sure-reul kkeulda ― to pull a wagon

   저수지 물을 끌어오다 ― jeosuji mur-eul kkeureooda ― to draw water from a reservoir

   자전거를 끌다 ― jajeon'geo-reul kkeulda ― to drag a bicycle

2. (of people, animals) to lead, to drag

   애들을 끌고 병원에 가다 ― ae-deur-eul kkeulgo byeong'won-e gada ― to drag the kids to the hospital

3. (with no object) to drag on

   영화가 질질 끈다 ― yeonghwa-ga jiljil kkeunda ― the movie drags on tediously

4. to stall, to delay

   시간을 끌다 ― sigan-eul kkeulda ― to stall for time

5. (figurative) to draw, to attract

   관광객을 끌다 ― gwan'gwanggaeg-eul kkeulda ― to draw tourists

   관심을 끌다 ― gwansim-eul kkeulda ― to draw attention

6. (figurative) to draw (inspiration, sourcing, etc., from)

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 끌다 (kkeulda): consonant-stem, ㄹ(l)-irregular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	끈다 kkeunda	끌어 kkeureo	끌어요 kkeureoyo	끕니다 kkeumnida
	Past	끌었다 kkeureotda	끌었어 kkeureosseo	끌었어요 kkeureosseoyo	끌었습니다 kkeureotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	끄느냐 kkeuneunya	끌어 kkeureo	끌어요 kkeureoyo	끕니까 kkeumnikka
	Past	끌었느냐 kkeureonneunya	끌었어 kkeureosseo	끌었어요 kkeureosseoyo	끌었습니까 kkeureotseumnikka
Hortative		끌자 kkeulja	끌어 kkeureo	끌어요 kkeureoyo	끄십시다 kkeusipsida
Imperative		끌어라 kkeureora	끌어 kkeureo	끌어요 kkeureoyo	끕시오 kkeupsio
Assertive		끌겠다 kkeulgetda	끌겠어 kkeulgesseo	끌겠어요 kkeulgesseoyo	끌겠습니다 kkeulgetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		끌어 kkeureo	끌어서 kkeureoseo	끄니 kkeuni	끄니까 kkeunikka
Contrast		끌지만 kkeuljiman	끄는데 kkeuneunde	끌더니 kkeuldeoni
Conjunction		끌고 kkeulgo
Condition		끌면 kkeulmyeon	끌어야 kkeureoya
Motive		끌려고 kkeullyeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		끎 kkeum	끌기 kkeulgi
Past-tense verbal nouns		끌었음 kkeureosseum	끌었기 kkeureotgi
Determiners	Past	끈 kkeun
	Present	끄는 kkeuneun
	Future	끌 kkeul

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	끄신다 kkeusinda	끄셔 kkeusyeo	끄세요, 끄셔요 kkeuseyo, kkeusyeoyo	끄십니다 kkeusimnida
	Past	끄셨다 kkeusyeotda	끄셨어 kkeusyeosseo	끄셨어요 kkeusyeosseoyo	끄셨습니다 kkeusyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	끄시느냐 kkeusineunya	끄셔 kkeusyeo	끄세요, 끄셔요 kkeuseyo, kkeusyeoyo	끄십니까 kkeusimnikka
	Past	끄셨느냐 kkeusyeonneunya	끄셨어 kkeusyeosseo	끄셨어요 kkeusyeosseoyo	끄셨습니까 kkeusyeotseumnikka
Imperative		끄시라 kkeusira	끄셔 kkeusyeo	끄세요 kkeuseyo	끄십시오 kkeusipsio
Assertive		끄시겠다 kkeusigetda	끄시겠어 kkeusigesseo	끄시겠어요 kkeusigesseoyo	끄시겠습니다 kkeusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		끄셔 kkeusyeo	끄셔서 kkeusyeoseo	끄시니 kkeusini	끄시니까 kkeusinikka
Contrast		끄시지만 kkeusijiman	끄시는데 kkeusineunde	끄시더니 kkeusideoni
Conjunction		끄시고 kkeusigo
Condition		끄시면 kkeusimyeon	끄셔야 kkeusyeoya
Motive		끄시려고 kkeusiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		끄심 kkeusim	끄시기 kkeusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		끄셨음 kkeusyeosseum	끄셨기 kkeusyeotgi
Determiners	Past	끄신 kkeusin
	Present	끄시는 kkeusineun
	Future	끄실 kkeusil