𒂊𒌍𒄯

Hittite

Etymology

From Proto-Anatolian *ʔésHr̥ (genitive *ʔsHanós), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥ (genitive *h₁sh₂éns). Anatolian cognates include Cuneiform Luwian 𒀀𒀸𒄩𒅈 (āšḫar, “blood”). Indo-European cognates include Ancient Greek ἔαρ (éar), Sanskrit असृज् (asṛj), Old Armenian արիւն (ariwn), and Old Latin assyr/Latin sanguis. Original PIE heteroclitic inflection has been preserved in Hittite, with a shift from proterodynamic to hysterodynamic class.

Noun

𒂊𒌍𒄯 • (e-eš-ḫar /ēšḫar/) n

blood

Inflection

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ins_sg_ipa=isħːánt, isħːánit
IPA=isħːá
abs_sg_ipa=ɛ́ːsħːr̩
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Broad transcription
heteroclitic noun
Neuter	Singular	Plural
nominative	ēšḫar	—
nominative
accusative	ēšḫar	—
accusative
genitive	išḫanaš	—
genitive
dative-locative	išḫani	—
dative-locative
allative	išḫana	—
allative
ablative	išḫanaz(a)	—
ablative
instrumental	išḫanta, išḫanit	—
instrumental

Cuneiform
heteroclitic noun
Neuter	Singular	Plural
nominative	𒂊𒌍𒄯	—
nominative	e-eš-ḫar
accusative	𒂊𒌍𒄯	—
accusative	e-eš-ḫar
genitive	𒅖𒄩𒈾𒀸	—
genitive	iš-ḫa-na-aš
dative-locative	𒅖𒄩𒉌	—
dative-locative	iš-ḫa-ni
allative	𒅖𒄩𒈾	—
allative	iš-ḫa-na
ablative	𒅖𒄩𒈾𒊍	—
ablative	iš-ḫa-na-az
instrumental	𒅖𒄩𒀭𒋫, 𒅖𒄩𒉌𒀉	—
instrumental	iš-ḫa-an-ta, iš-ḫa-ni-it
The desinences in this table have been normalized. For alternative endings see Appendix:Hittite declension

Derived terms

𒂊𒌍𒄩𒀸𒃷𒍝 (e-es-ḫa-aš-kán-za, “bloodied”)
𒂊𒌍𒄯𒉡𒍣 (e-eš-ḫar-nu-uz-zi, “to make bloody, to smear with blood”)
𒅖𒄩𒉡𒉿𒀭𒍝 (iš-ḫa-nu-wa-an-za, “bloody”)
𒅖𒄯𒉿𒀭𒍝 (is-ḫar-wa-an-za, “bloody”)

References

Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “ēšḫar / išḫan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 256-258