sanguis
Latin[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Older sanguīs, later regularised with a short /i/, likely for *sanguins, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁sh₂-én-, oblique stem of *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”), whence also saniēs (“ichor; ulcer”) via suffixation. The nominative of the original paradigm is likely to be reflected as Old Latin assyr, as(c)er (found in glosses only). It's disputed whether sanguen is the earlier form, but it seems more likely that it's a later reshaping on the analogy of unguen, inguen, since if original, the addition of -s- to it would be reflected as *sanguēs.
It has also supposed that may be related to Etruscan 𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌗𐌖𐌍𐌄𐌕𐌀 (sanxuneta, “the sanguinary”), with the enclitic article -𐌕𐌀 (-ta).
Cognate to Hittite 𒂊𒌍𒄯 (ēšḫar), Sanskrit असृज् (ásṛj), Ancient Greek ἔαρ (éar), Old Armenian արիւն (ariwn).
Pronunciation[edit]
- (Classical):
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈsan.ɡwis/, [ˈsäŋɡwis]
Audio (Classical) (file) - Note: the originally long ending vowel also appears as short in hexameter poetry via analogy.
Noun[edit]
sanguī̆s m (genitive sanguinis); third declension
- blood
- c. 160 CE – c. 225 CE, Tertullian, Apologeticus L.13:
- Plūrēs efficimur, quotiēns mētīmur ā vōbīs: sēmen est sanguī̆s Chrīstiānōrum.
- Translation by Alexander Souter
- We spring up in greater numbers the more we are mown down by you: the blood of the Christians is the seed of a new life.
- Translation by Alexander Souter
- Plūrēs efficimur, quotiēns mētīmur ā vōbīs: sēmen est sanguī̆s Chrīstiānōrum.
- descent, descendant, parentage, progeny, blood relative, flesh-and-blood, family, race
- 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 2.483-484:
- ‘Iuppiter,’ inquit, ‘habet Rōmāna potentia vīrēs:
sanguinis officiō nōn eget illa meī.- ‘‘Oh, Jupiter,’’ he said, ‘‘The Roman power [the Roman political state] [now] has strength [of its own]:
It has no [further] need with the service of my blood [progeny; descendant].’’
(Jupiter hears the plea of Mars to deify his son Romulus (mythology).)
- ‘‘Oh, Jupiter,’’ he said, ‘‘The Roman power [the Roman political state] [now] has strength [of its own]:
- ‘Iuppiter,’ inquit, ‘habet Rōmāna potentia vīrēs:
- blood (consanguinity)
Usage notes[edit]
In 'Vulgar' Latin there existed a parisyllabic variant from the third century onward; see the second inflexion table above.
Declension[edit]
Classical Latin; third-declension noun.
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Later 'Vulgar' Latin; third-declension noun.
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Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
From the Classical accusative sanguinem:
- Ibero-Romance:
- Insular Romance:
- Borrowings:
- → Interlingua: sanguine
From the 'vulgar' accusative sanguem:
- Balkan Romance:
- Dalmatian:
- Italo-Romance:
- North Italian:
- Gallo-Romance:
- Occitano-Romance:
References[edit]
- Adams, James Noel. 2010. An anthology of informal Latin. Cambridge University Press. Pages 406–407.
- AIS: Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz [Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland] – map 88: “il sangue” – on navigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “sanguīs”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 537
- Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002), “sanguis”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 11: S–Si, page 178
Further reading[edit]
- “sanguis”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “sanguis”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- sanguis in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- sanguis in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
- Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
- to drip blood; to be deluged with blood: sanguine manare, redundare
- to shed one's blood for one's fatherland: sanguinem suum pro patria effundere or profundere
- the victory cost much blood and many wounds, was very dearly bought: victoria multo sanguine ac vulneribus stetit (Liv. 23. 30)
- to drip blood; to be deluged with blood: sanguine manare, redundare
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin 2-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin terms with Ecclesiastical IPA pronunciation
- Latin terms with audio links
- Latin lemmas
- Latin nouns
- Latin masculine nouns
- Latin third declension nouns
- Latin masculine nouns in the third declension
- Latin terms with quotations
- Latin words in Meissner and Auden's phrasebook
- la:Bodily fluids
- la:Liquids