米国: difference between revisions
米国大学入学共通試験 apparently a JMdict ghost word |
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==Japanese== |
==Japanese== |
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===Etymology=== |
===Etymology 1=== |
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The second kanji character in {{m|ja|亜米利加||America|tr=Amerika}} + {{m|ja|国||country|tr=koku}}. The reason the second character is used instead of the first is because {{m|ja|亜}} is already in use as the abbreviation for {{m|ja|亜細亜||Asia|tr=Ajia}}. |
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Appears to be a coinage in Japanese of {{der|ja|ltc|sort=へいこく'|-}} derived elements, as a compound of {{compound|ja|sort=へいこく'|米|tr1=bei|t1=[[rice]]|國|tr2=koku|t2=[[country]]}}. |
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First cited in Japanese in the 1603 edition of the {{m|ja||{{w|lang=ja|日葡辞書}}|tr={{w|Nippo Jisho}}|Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary|pos=formal title: “Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam”}}.<ref name="KDJ2">{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2}}</ref><ref name="NJO">{{R:Nippo Jisho original}}, entry available online [https://books.google.com/books?id=TFJAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false here], appearing as ''Beicocu. Comeguni.'' Right-hand column, second full entry.</ref> The original meaning was literally "rice country", in reference to any country rich in rice. |
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By 1819, the sense expanded to include countries that were major rice exporters. |
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The "America" sense is cited first in 1869.<ref name="KDJ2"/> |
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* This is often explained as using the {{m|ja|米||rice}} character as a shortening of the phonetic kanji spelling {{m|ja|亜米利加|tr=Amerika||America}},<ref name="KDJ2"/><ref name="DDJS">{{R:Digital-Daijisen}}</ref><ref name="K">{{R:Kojien}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref><ref name="SMK5"/> purportedly as used in the 1854 {{w|Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity}}.<ref name="SDHJ-Amerika">{{R:Sekai Dai Hyakka Jiten|アメリカ合衆国}}</ref> |
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* {{ja-l|アメリカ||Amerika}} |
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* However, the Japanese text of the treaty does not actually include this spelling, rendering this instead as either {{m|ja|米利堅|tr=Meriken|pos=apparent clipping of “American”}} or {{m|ja|亞墨利加|tr=Amerika}}.<ref name="NDL">"Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity", National Diet Library Digital Collections. Scanned copy available online [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/787948/1/274 here]. Images, paged but not searchable. Retrieved 2022-12-22.</ref><ref name="WS">"Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity", [[:wikisource:ja:日本國米利堅合衆國和親條約|full searchable text available at Japanese Wikisource]].</ref> |
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* Considering that {{m|ja|米利堅|tr=Meriken}} was a common form of the country name from the time of the 1854 treaty up through the early 1900s,<ref name="KDJ2-Meriken">{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2|米利堅}}</ref> this seems the more likely source of the {{m|ja|米}} character. |
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==== |
====Pronunciation==== |
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{{ja-noun|べいこく}} |
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# {{defdate|from 1819}} {{lb|ja|sort=へいこく'|archaic|possibly|_|obsolete}} a country that is an exporter of [[rice]] |
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# {{defdate|1603–1800s}} {{lb|ja|sort=へいこく'|probably|_|obsolete}} a country that is rich in rice |
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#: {{synonyms|ja|アメリカ|tr1=Amerika|米利堅|tr2=Meriken|pos2=archaic}} |
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=====Derived terms===== |
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* {{ja-r|米国%電気%電子%学会|^べいこく% ^でんき% ^でんし% ^がっかい}} |
* {{ja-r|米国%電気%電子%学会|^べいこく% ^でんき% ^でんし% ^がっかい}} |
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* {{ja-r|北%米|^ほく%べい|North America}} |
* {{ja-r|北%米|^ほく%べい|North America}} |
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* {{ja-r|米%州|^べい%しゅう|the Americas, both North and South}} |
* {{ja-r|米%州|^べい%しゅう|the Americas, both North and South}} |
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===Etymology 2=== |
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{{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|こめ|くに|k2=ぐに|r=y}} |
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Compound of {{compound|ja|sort=こめぐに|米|tr1=kome|t1=[[rice]]|国|tr2=kuni|t2=[[country]]}}.<ref name="KDJ2"/> {{rendaku2|sort=こめぐに|kuni|guni}} |
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First cited in Japanese in the 1603 edition of the {{m|ja||{{w|lang=ja|日葡辞書}}|tr={{w|Nippo Jisho}}|Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary|pos=formal title: “Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam”}}.<ref name="KDJ2">{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2}}</ref><ref name="NJO"/> The original meaning was literally "rice country", in reference to any country rich in rice. |
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By 1819, the sense expanded to include countries that were major rice exporters. |
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This reading appears to be obsolete in modern Japanese. |
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{{ja-pron|こめぐに}} |
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====Noun==== |
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{{ja-noun|こめぐに}} |
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# {{defdate|1603–1800s}} {{lb|ja|sort=へいこく'|probably|_|obsolete}} a country that is rich in rice |
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# {{defdate|1819–???}} {{lb|ja|sort=へいこく'|archaic|possibly|_|obsolete}} a country that is an exporter of [[rice]] |
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===References=== |
===References=== |
Revision as of 00:07, 23 December 2022
Chinese
For pronunciation and definitions of 米国 – see 米國 (“the United States of America; etc.”). (This term is the simplified form of 米國). |
Notes:
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Japanese
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term | |
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米 | 国 |
べい Grade: 2 |
こく Grade: 2 |
kan'on | on'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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米國 (kyūjitai) |
Appears to be a coinage in Japanese of Middle Chinese derived elements, as a compound of 米 (bei, “rice”) + 國 (koku, “country”).
First cited in Japanese in the 1603 edition of the 日葡辞書 (Nippo Jisho, “Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary”, formal title: “Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam”).[1][2] The original meaning was literally "rice country", in reference to any country rich in rice.
By 1819, the sense expanded to include countries that were major rice exporters.
The "America" sense is cited first in 1869.[1]
- This is often explained as using the 米 (“rice”) character as a shortening of the phonetic kanji spelling 亜米利加 (Amerika, “America”),[1][3][4][5][6] purportedly as used in the 1854 Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity.[7]
- However, the Japanese text of the treaty does not actually include this spelling, rendering this instead as either 米利堅 (Meriken, apparent clipping of “American”) or 亞墨利加 (Amerika).[8][9]
- Considering that 米利堅 (Meriken) was a common form of the country name from the time of the 1854 treaty up through the early 1900s,[10] this seems the more likely source of the 米 character.
Pronunciation
Noun
- [from 1819] (archaic, possibly obsolete) a country that is an exporter of rice
- [1603–1800s] (probably obsolete) a country that is rich in rice
Proper noun
米国 or 米国 • (beikoku or proper) [[Category:Japanese Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Invalid part of speech.
|へいこく']]
- [from 1869] United States of America (a country in North America)
Derived terms
- 米国電気電子学会 (Beikoku Denki Denshi Gakkai)
See also
- 南米 (Nanbei, “South America”)
- 中米 (Chūbei, “Central America”)
- 北米 (Hokubei, “North America”)
- 米州 (Beishū, “the Americas, both North and South”)
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term | |
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米 | 国 |
こめ Grade: 2 |
くに > ぐに Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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米國 (kyūjitai) |
Compound of 米 (kome, “rice”) + 国 (kuni, “country”).[1] The kuni changes to guni as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
First cited in Japanese in the 1603 edition of the 日葡辞書 (Nippo Jisho, “Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary”, formal title: “Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam”).[1][2] The original meaning was literally "rice country", in reference to any country rich in rice.
By 1819, the sense expanded to include countries that were major rice exporters.
This reading appears to be obsolete in modern Japanese.
Pronunciation
Noun
- [1603–1800s] (probably obsolete) a country that is rich in rice
- [1819–???] (archaic, possibly obsolete) a country that is an exporter of rice
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 “米国”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ishizuka, Harumichi (1976 [1603]) 日葡辞書: パリ本 [Nippo Jisho: Paris edition / Vocabulary of the Language of Japan][2] (overall work in Japanese and Portuguese), Tōkyō: Bensei Publishing, entry available online here, appearing as Beicocu. Comeguni. Right-hand column, second full entry.
- ^ “米国”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen][3] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
- ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ “アメリカ合衆国”, in 世界大百科事典 第2版 (Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten Dainihan, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Second Edition”)[4] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 1998
- ^ "Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity", National Diet Library Digital Collections. Scanned copy available online here. Images, paged but not searchable. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
- ^ "Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity", full searchable text available at Japanese Wikisource.
- ^ “米利堅”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][5] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- zh:Countries in North America
- zh:United States
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Wu lemmas
- Chinese proper nouns
- Mandarin proper nouns
- Cantonese proper nouns
- Hakka proper nouns
- Hokkien proper nouns
- Wu proper nouns
- Chinese terms spelled with 米
- Chinese terms spelled with 国
- Chinese simplified forms
- Japanese terms spelled with 米 read as べい
- Japanese terms spelled with 国 read as こく
- Japanese terms read with on'yomi
- Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Japanese compound terms
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 2 kanji
- Japanese entries with topic categories using raw markup
- Japanese terms with archaic senses
- Japanese terms with obsolete senses
- ja:Countries in North America
- ja:Countries
- Japanese terms spelled with 米 read as こめ
- Japanese terms spelled with 国 read as くに
- Japanese terms with rendaku
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- ja:United States