米国: difference between revisions

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米国大学入学共通試験 apparently a JMdict ghost word
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==Japanese==
==Japanese==
⚫
{{ja-kanjitab|べい|こく|yomi=on}}


===Etymology===
===Etymology 1===
⚫
{{ja-kanjitab|べい|こく|yomi=kanon,on}}
The second kanji character in {{m|ja|亜米利加||America|tr=Amerika}} + {{m|ja|国||country|tr=koku}}. The reason the second character is used instead of the first is because {{m|ja|亜}} is already in use as the abbreviation for {{m|ja|亜細亜||Asia|tr=Ajia}}.


Appears to be a coinage in Japanese of {{der|ja|ltc|sort=へいこく'|-}} derived elements, as a compound of {{compound|ja|sort=へいこく'|米|tr1=bei|t1=[[rice]]|國|tr2=koku|t2=[[country]]}}.
⚫
===Pronunciation===
⚫
{{ja-pron|べいこく|accent=h|yomi=on|acc_ref=NHK}}


First cited in Japanese in the 1603 edition of the {{m|ja||{{w|lang=ja|日葡辞書}}|tr={{w|Nippo Jisho}}|Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary|pos=formal title: “Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam”}}.<ref name="KDJ2">{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2}}</ref><ref name="NJO">{{R:Nippo Jisho original}}, entry available online [https://books.google.com/books?id=TFJAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false here], appearing as ''Beicocu. Comeguni.'' Right-hand column, second full entry.</ref> The original meaning was literally "rice country", in reference to any country rich in rice.
⚫
===Proper noun===
⚫
{{ja-pos|べいこく|proper|kyu=米國}}


By 1819, the sense expanded to include countries that were major rice exporters.
⚫
# {{place|ja|country|cont/North America|t=United States of America|sort=へいこく'}}


The "America" sense is cited first in 1869.<ref name="KDJ2"/>
⚫
====Synonyms====
* This is often explained as using the {{m|ja|米||rice}} character as a shortening of the phonetic kanji spelling {{m|ja|亜米利加|tr=Amerika||America}},<ref name="KDJ2"/><ref name="DDJS">{{R:Digital-Daijisen}}</ref><ref name="K">{{R:Kojien}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref><ref name="SMK5"/> purportedly as used in the 1854 {{w|Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity}}.<ref name="SDHJ-Amerika">{{R:Sekai Dai Hyakka Jiten|アメリカ合衆国}}</ref>
* {{ja-l|アメリカ||Amerika}}
* However, the Japanese text of the treaty does not actually include this spelling, rendering this instead as either {{m|ja|米利堅|tr=Meriken|pos=apparent clipping of “American”}} or {{m|ja|亞墨利加|tr=Amerika}}.<ref name="NDL">"Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity", National Diet Library Digital Collections. Scanned copy available online [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/787948/1/274 here]. Images, paged but not searchable. Retrieved 2022-12-22.</ref><ref name="WS">"Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity", [[:wikisource:ja:日本國米利堅合衆國和親條約|full searchable text available at Japanese Wikisource]].</ref>
* Considering that {{m|ja|米利堅|tr=Meriken}} was a common form of the country name from the time of the 1854 treaty up through the early 1900s,<ref name="KDJ2-Meriken">{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2|米利堅}}</ref> this seems the more likely source of the {{m|ja|米}} character.


====Derived terms====
====Pronunciation====
⚫
{{ja-pron|べいこく|acc=0|acc_ref=SMK5,NHK}}

⚫
====Noun====
{{ja-noun|べいこく}}

# {{defdate|from 1819}} {{lb|ja|sort=へいこく'|archaic|possibly|_|obsolete}} a country that is an exporter of [[rice]]
# {{defdate|1603–1800s}} {{lb|ja|sort=へいこく'|probably|_|obsolete}} a country that is rich in rice

⚫
====Proper noun====
⚫
{{ja-pos|べいこく|proper}}

⚫
# {{defdate|from 1869}} {{place|ja|sort=へいこく'|country|cont/North America|t=United States of America}}
#: {{synonyms|ja|アメリカ|tr1=Amerika|米利堅|tr2=Meriken|pos2=archaic}}

=====Derived terms=====
* {{ja-r|米国%電気%電子%学会|^べいこく% ^でんき% ^でんし% ^がっかい}}
* {{ja-r|米国%電気%電子%学会|^べいこく% ^でんき% ^でんし% ^がっかい}}


Line 30: Line 44:
* {{ja-r|北%米|^ほく%べい|North America}}
* {{ja-r|北%米|^ほく%べい|North America}}
* {{ja-r|米%州|^べい%しゅう|the Americas, both North and South}}
* {{ja-r|米%州|^べい%しゅう|the Americas, both North and South}}

===Etymology 2===
{{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|こめ|くに|k2=ぐに|r=y}}

Compound of {{compound|ja|sort=こめぐに|米|tr1=kome|t1=[[rice]]|国|tr2=kuni|t2=[[country]]}}.<ref name="KDJ2"/> {{rendaku2|sort=こめぐに|kuni|guni}}

First cited in Japanese in the 1603 edition of the {{m|ja||{{w|lang=ja|日葡辞書}}|tr={{w|Nippo Jisho}}|Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary|pos=formal title: “Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam”}}.<ref name="KDJ2">{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2}}</ref><ref name="NJO"/> The original meaning was literally "rice country", in reference to any country rich in rice.

By 1819, the sense expanded to include countries that were major rice exporters.

This reading appears to be obsolete in modern Japanese.

⚫
====Pronunciation====
{{ja-pron|こめぐに}}

====Noun====
{{ja-noun|こめぐに}}

# {{defdate|1603–1800s}} {{lb|ja|sort=へいこく'|probably|_|obsolete}} a country that is rich in rice
# {{defdate|1819–???}} {{lb|ja|sort=へいこく'|archaic|possibly|_|obsolete}} a country that is an exporter of [[rice]]


===References===
===References===

Revision as of 00:07, 23 December 2022

See also: 美國 and 米國

Chinese

For pronunciation and definitions of 米国 – see 米國 (“the United States of America; etc.”).
(This term is the simplified form of 米國).
Notes:

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
米 国
べい
Grade: 2 		こく
Grade: 2
kan’on on’yomi
Alternative spelling
米國 (kyūjitai)

Appears to be a coinage in Japanese of Middle Chinese derived elements, as a compound of 米 (bei, “rice”) +‎ 國 (koku, “country”).

First cited in Japanese in the 1603 edition of the 日葡辞書 (Nippo Jisho, “Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary”, formal title: “Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam”).[1][2] The original meaning was literally "rice country", in reference to any country rich in rice.

By 1819, the sense expanded to include countries that were major rice exporters.

The "America" sense is cited first in 1869.[1]

  • This is often explained as using the 米 (“rice”) character as a shortening of the phonetic kanji spelling 亜米利加 (Amerika, “America”),[1][3][4][5][6] purportedly as used in the 1854 Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity.[7]
  • However, the Japanese text of the treaty does not actually include this spelling, rendering this instead as either 米利堅 (Meriken, apparent clipping of “American”) or 亞墨利加 (Amerika).[8][9]
  • Considering that 米利堅 (Meriken) was a common form of the country name from the time of the 1854 treaty up through the early 1900s,[10] this seems the more likely source of the 米 character.

Pronunciation

Noun

米(べい)国(こく) • (beikoku) 

  1. [from 1819] (archaic, possibly obsolete) a country that is an exporter of rice
  2. [1603–1800s] (probably obsolete) a country that is rich in rice

Proper noun

米(べい)国(こく) or 米国(proper) • (beikoku or proper) [[Category:Japanese Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Invalid part of speech.
|へいこく']]

  1. [from 1869] United States of America (a country in North America)
    Synonyms: アメリカ (Amerika), 米利堅 (Meriken, archaic)
Derived terms

See also

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
米 国
こめ
Grade: 2 		くに > ぐに
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
米國 (kyūjitai)

Compound of 米 (kome, “rice”) +‎ 国 (kuni, “country”).[1] The kuni changes to guni as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

First cited in Japanese in the 1603 edition of the 日葡辞書 (Nippo Jisho, “Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary”, formal title: “Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam”).[1][2] The original meaning was literally "rice country", in reference to any country rich in rice.

By 1819, the sense expanded to include countries that were major rice exporters.

This reading appears to be obsolete in modern Japanese.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ko̞me̞ɡɯ̟ᵝɲ̟i]

Noun

米(こめ)国(ぐに) • (komeguni) 

  1. [1603–1800s] (probably obsolete) a country that is rich in rice
  2. [1819–???] (archaic, possibly obsolete) a country that is an exporter of rice

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 “米国”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ishizuka, Harumichi (1976 [1603]) 日葡辞書: パリ本 [Nippo Jisho: Paris edition / Vocabulary of the Language of Japan]‎[2] (overall work in Japanese and Portuguese), Tōkyō: Bensei Publishing, entry available online here, appearing as Beicocu. Comeguni. Right-hand column, second full entry.
  3. ^ “米国”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎[3] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
  4. ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  5. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  7. ^ “アメリカ合衆国”, in 世界大百科事典 第２版 (Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten Dainihan, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Second Edition”)‎[4] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 1998
  8. ^ "Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity", National Diet Library Digital Collections. Scanned copy available online here. Images, paged but not searchable. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
  9. ^ "Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity", full searchable text available at Japanese Wikisource.
  10. ^ “米利堅”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[5] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
  11. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
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