落ちる: difference between revisions
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{{IPAchar|/ot͡su/}} → {{IPAchar|/ot͡ʃiru/}} |
{{IPAchar|/ot͡su/}} → {{IPAchar|/ot͡ʃiru/}} |
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{{ja-from-kaminidan-ext|落つ|tr=otu|t=to fall|sort=おちる|pj=*ətu|pjt=to fall|additional-info= |
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From {{inh|ja|ojp|落つ|tr=otsu||to fall}}, which underwent the same {{w|Muromachi period}} shift as all {{m|ja|二段活用動詞|tr=nidan katsuyō dōshi||bigrade-conjugation verbs}}.<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> |
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Via root ''ot-'', cognate with {{m|ja|劣る|tr=otoru|t=to fail, to lose; to be worse than a higher rank|pos=intransitive}} and {{m|ja|落とす|tr=otosu|t=to drop something|pos=transitive}}. Additionally, cognate with {{cog|jpx-ryu-pro|*ote|t=to fall|sort=おちる}}. |
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First attested in the ''{{w|Kojiki}}'' of 712 {{CE}}.<ref>{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref>}} |
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===Pronunciation=== |
===Pronunciation=== |
Revision as of 01:35, 6 January 2023
Japanese
Kanji in this term |
---|
落 |
お Grade: 3 |
kun'yomi |
Etymology
/ot͡su/ → /ot͡ʃiru/
From Old Japanese 落つ (otu, “to fall”), following 上二段活用 (kami nidan katsuyō, “upper bigrade conjugation”), from Proto-Japonic *ətu (“to fall”).
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 上二段活用 (kami nidan katsuyō, “upper bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -iru.
Via root ot-, cognate with 劣る (otoru, “to fail, to lose; to be worse than a higher rank”, intransitive) and 落とす (otosu, “to drop something”, transitive). Additionally, cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *ote (“to fall”).
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1]
Pronunciation
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- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "落ちる"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
落ちる | おちる | [òchíꜜrù] |
Imperative (命令形) | 落ちろ | おちろ | [òchíꜜrò] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 落ちられる | おちられる | [òchíráréꜜrù] |
Causative | 落ちさせる | おちさせる | [òchísáséꜜrù] |
Potential | - | - | - |
Volitional | 落ちよう | おちよー | [òchíyóꜜò] |
Negative | 落ちない | おちない | [òchíꜜnàì] |
Negative perfective | 落ちなかった | おちなかった | [òchíꜜnàkàttà] |
Formal | 落ちます | おちます | [òchímáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 落ちた | おちた | [óꜜchìtà] |
Conjunctive | 落ちて | おちて | [óꜜchìtè] |
Hypothetical conditional | 落ちれば | おちれば | [òchíꜜrèbà] |
Alternative forms
Verb
落ちる • (ochiru) intransitive ichidan (stem 落ち (ochi), past 落ちた (ochita))
Japanese verb pair | |
---|---|
active | 落とす |
mediopassive | 落ちる |
- to fall
- (computing) to go down (as when a computer or application becomes unresponsive)
- (electrical engineering, of a circuit breaker) to trip
- ブレーカーが落ちた
- burēkā ga ochita
- the circuit breaker tripped
- ブレーカーが落ちた
- (informal) to fail an examination
- Antonym: 受かる (ukaru)
- (Internet slang, chat, video games, etc., of a person) to leave; to sign off
Conjugation
Conjugation of "落ちる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 落ち | おち | ochi | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 落ち | おち | ochi | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 落ちる | おちる | ochiru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 落ちる | おちる | ochiru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 落ちれ | おちれ | ochire | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 落ちよ¹ 落ちろ² |
おちよ¹ おちろ² |
ochiyo¹ ochiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 落ちられる | おちられる | ochirareru | |
Causative | 落ちさせる 落ちさす |
おちさせる おちさす |
ochisaseru ochisasu | |
Potential | 落ちられる 落ちれる³ |
おちられる おちれる³ |
ochirareru ochireru³ | |
Volitional | 落ちよう | おちよう | ochiyō | |
Negative | 落ちない 落ちぬ 落ちん |
おちない おちぬ おちん |
ochinai ochinu ochin | |
Negative continuative | 落ちず | おちず | ochizu | |
Formal | 落ちます | おちます | ochimasu | |
Perfective | 落ちた | おちた | ochita | |
Conjunctive | 落ちて | おちて | ochite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 落ちれば | おちれば | ochireba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential |
Idioms
- 猿も木から落ちる (saru mo ki kara ochiru): “even monkeys fall from trees” → even the experts make mistakes
- 問うに落ちず語るに落ちる (tō ni ochizu kataru ni ochiru)
Synonyms
See also
References
- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 落 read as お
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese intransitive verbs
- Japanese type 2 verbs
- Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- ja:Computing
- ja:Electrical engineering
- Japanese terms with usage examples
- Japanese informal terms
- Japanese internet slang
- ja:Video games