落ちる: difference between revisions

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→‎Etymology: overhaul etymology
Line 6: Line 6:
{{IPAchar|/ot͡su/}} → {{IPAchar|/ot͡ʃiru/}}
{{IPAchar|/ot͡su/}} → {{IPAchar|/ot͡ʃiru/}}


{{ja-from-kaminidan-ext|落つ|tr=otu|t=to fall|sort=おちる|pj=*ətu|pjt=to fall|additional-info=
From {{inh|ja|ojp|落つ|tr=otsu||to fall}}, which underwent the same {{w|Muromachi period}} shift as all {{m|ja|二段活用動詞|tr=nidan katsuyō dōshi||bigrade-conjugation verbs}}.<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref>
Via root ''ot-'', cognate with {{m|ja|劣る|tr=otoru|t=to fail, to lose; to be worse than a higher rank|pos=intransitive}} and {{m|ja|落とす|tr=otosu|t=to drop something|pos=transitive}}. Additionally, cognate with {{cog|jpx-ryu-pro|*ote|t=to fall|sort=おちる}}.

First attested in the ''{{w|Kojiki}}'' of 712 {{CE}}.<ref>{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref>}}


===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===

Revision as of 01:35, 6 January 2023

Japanese

Kanji in this term
落
お
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

Etymology

/ot͡su/ → /ot͡ʃiru/

From Old Japanese 落つ (otu, “to fall”), following 上二段活用 (kami nidan katsuyō, “upper bigrade conjugation”), from Proto-Japonic *ətu (“to fall”).

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 上二段活用 (kami nidan katsuyō, “upper bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -iru.

Via root ot-, cognate with 劣る (otoru, “to fail, to lose; to be worse than a higher rank”, intransitive) and 落とす (otosu, “to drop something”, transitive). Additionally, cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *ote (“to fall”).

First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1]

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "落ちる"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		落ちる おち​る [òchíꜜrù]
Imperative (命令形) 落ちろ おち​ろ [òchíꜜrò]
Key constructions
Passive 落ちられる おちられ​る [òchíráréꜜrù]
Causative 落ちさせる おちさせ​る [òchísáséꜜrù]
Potential - - -
Volitional 落ちよう おちよ​ー [òchíyóꜜò]
Negative 落ちない おち​ない [òchíꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 落ちなかった おち​なかった [òchíꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 落ちます おちま​す [òchímáꜜsù]
Perfective 落ちた お​ちた [óꜜchìtà]
Conjunctive 落ちて お​ちて [óꜜchìtè]
Hypothetical conditional 落ちれば おち​れば [òchíꜜrèbà]

Alternative forms

  • (negative connotation, as when speaking of a person falling into vice) 堕ちる
  • 墜ちる

Verb

落(お)ちる • (ochiru) intransitive ichidan (stem 落(お)ち (ochi), past 落(お)ちた (ochita))

Japanese verb pair
active 落とす
mediopassive 落ちる
  1. to fall
  2. (computing) to go down (as when a computer or application becomes unresponsive)
  3. (electrical engineering, of a circuit breaker) to trip
    ブレーカーが落(お)ちた
    burēkā ga ochita
    the circuit breaker tripped
  4. (informal) to fail an examination
    Antonym: 受かる (ukaru)
  5. (Internet slang, chat, video games, etc., of a person) to leave; to sign off

Conjugation

Conjugation of "落ちる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 落ち おち ochi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 落ち おち ochi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 落ちる おちる ochiru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 落ちる おちる ochiru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 落ちれ おちれ ochire
Meireikei ("imperative") 落ちよ¹
落ちろ² 		おちよ¹
おちろ² 		ochiyo¹
ochiro²
Key constructions
Passive 落ちられる おちられる ochirareru
Causative 落ちさせる
落ちさす 		おちさせる
おちさす 		ochisaseru
ochisasu
Potential 落ちられる
落ちれる³ 		おちられる
おちれる³ 		ochirareru
ochireru³
Volitional 落ちよう おちよう ochiyō
Negative 落ちない
落ちぬ
落ちん 		おちない
おちぬ
おちん 		ochinai
ochinu
ochin
Negative continuative 落ちず おちず ochizu
Formal 落ちます おちます ochimasu
Perfective 落ちた おちた ochita
Conjunctive 落ちて おちて ochite
Hypothetical conditional 落ちれば おちれば ochireba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Idioms

Synonyms

See also

References

  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
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