Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰers-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*bʰers-^[1]

top, tip, point

Derived terms

Template:PIE root see

*bʰars-^[2] ~ *bʰors- ~ *bʰor-es- (“spike, prickle”) (possibly)
- Albanian: bar (“grass”)
- Proto-Celtic: *bargos, *barginā (“cake, bread”)
  - Breton: bara (“bread”)
  - Old Cornish: bara
  - Old Irish: bairgen (“bread, loaf”)
  - Welsh: bara (“bread”)
- Proto-Germanic: *baraz (“spiky leaves, needles of the fir or pine; awn; barley”)^[3]
  - English: bere, barley
  - ⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (barizeins, “barley”)
  - Old Norse: barr (“grain”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: Φήρον (Phḗron, “plant deity”)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: far (“type of husked wheat, emmer; grain, flour, grits”)
  - Faliscan: 𐌚𐌀𐌓 (far, “emmer wheat”)

*bʰr̥s-ko-s or *bʰérs-ko-s
- >? Ancient Greek: *φαρσκος (*pharskos)^[4]
  - Ancient Greek: φάσκος (pháskos, “tufts of moss”)

*bʰr̥s-ó-s^[1]^[5]
- Proto-Celtic: *barros (“top, point”) (< earlier *barsos)^[1]^[4]
  - Brythonic:
    - Old Breton: barr
      - Breton: barr
    - Cornish: bar
    - Middle Welsh: barr
      - Welsh: bar
  - Old Irish: barr

*bʰérs-ti-s ~ *bʰr̥s-tí-s^[5]
- Proto-Germanic: *burstiz (“bristle”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥štíš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥ṣṭíṣ
    - Sanskrit: भृष्टि (bhṛṣṭí, “a point, top”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *br̥štíš
    - Avestan: 𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎-𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙- (vo^uru-bar^əšt-, “northwest side of the earth”)
- Proto-Italic: *farstjagjom^[5]
  - Latin: fastīgium (“sharp point”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰars-in-om ~ *bʰors-in-óm (possibly)^[6]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baršina
  - Proto-Slavic: *boršьno (“flour, food”)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: fārīna (“flour”) (< *farrina)

*bʰórs-o-s^[7]
- Proto-Germanic: *barsaz (“pike, bass”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *barskaz^[4]
  - Old Saxon: *barsk
    - Middle Low German: barsch (“sharp, rough, stern”)
      - → German: barsch
      - → Danish: barsk
      - → Norwegian: barsk
      - → Swedish: barsk

Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Germanic: *brazdaz, *bruzdaz (see there for further descendants)
- >? Latvian: barĩba (“food”)
- Proto-Slavic: *bъrъ (“foxtail millet”) (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*barro-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 58: “*bʰers- 'point'”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “far”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bariz- ~ *barza-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 52
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φάσκος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1557
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “fastīgō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 203: “*bʰr̥s-tí- 'top', point”
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “bȍršьno”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*barsa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53: “*bʰors-o-”

[Matasovic-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*barro-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 58: “*bʰers- 'point'”

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “far”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bariz- ~ *barza-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 52

[Beekes-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φάσκος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1557

[DeVaan-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “fastīgō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 203: “*bʰr̥s-tí- 'top', point”

[6] Derksen, Rick (2008) “bȍršьno”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[Kroonen-7] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*barsa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53: “*bʰors-o-”

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰers-

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰers-

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