Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iþō

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *-iteh₂ (“-th”), *-teh₂.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /i.θɔː/

Noun

*-iþō f

1. -ness, -th. Forms abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives or other nouns.

Inflection

ō-stemDeclension of *-iþō (ō-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*-iþō	*-iþôz
vocative	*-iþō	*-iþôz
accusative	*-iþǭ	*-iþōz
genitive	*-iþōz	*-iþǫ̂
dative	*-iþōi	*-iþōmaz
instrumental	*-iþō	*-iþōmiz

Derived terms

Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-iþō

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *-iþu
  • Old English: -þ, -þu, -þo, -t, -to
    • Middle English: -the, -ðe, -ðhe, -eth, -ethe, -ith, -ithe, -th, -þ, -þe, -yth, -t, -te (following fricatives)
      • English: -th, -t
      • Scots: -th, -t
  • Old Frisian: -ithe, -te
    • Saterland Frisian: -te
    • West Frisian: -te
  • Old Saxon: -itha
    • Middle Low German: -ede, -de, -te
      • Low German: -de, -te
      • → German: -te
  • Old Dutch: -itha
    • Middle Dutch: -ede, -de, -te
      • Dutch: -te, -de
  • Old High German: -ida
    • Middle High German: -ede
      • German: -de (rare, not productive)
      • Luxembourgish: -t
• Old Norse: -ð, -d
  • Icelandic: -ð, -d
  • Faroese: -d
  • Swedish: -d
  • Danish: -de
  • Norwegian: -de, -d
• Gothic: -𐌹𐌸𐌰 (-iþa), -𐌹𐌳𐌰 (-ida)