Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bōks

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos (“beech”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bɔːks/

Noun

*bōks f

1. book
2. letter, written message

Inflection

consonant stemDeclension of *bōks (consonant stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*bōks	*bōkiz
vocative	*bōk	*bōkiz
accusative	*bōkų	*bōkunz
genitive	*bōkiz	*bōkǫ̂
dative	*bōki	*bōkumaz
instrumental	*bōkē	*bōkumiz

Derived terms

• *bōkastabaz
• *bōkalistiz

See also

• *bōkijǭ (“beech”)
• *bōkō (“beech”)

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *bōk
  • Old English: bōc
    • Middle English: bok, boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke
      • English: book (see there for further descendants)
      • Geordie English: buik, beuk
      • Scots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck
      • Yola: buke
  • Old Frisian: bōk
    • North Frisian:

      Föhr: buk

      Helgoland: Buk

      Mooring: bök

      Sylt: Bok

    • Saterland Frisian: Bouk
    • West Frisian: boek
  • Old Saxon: bōk
    • Middle Low German: bôk, buk
      • Low German:

        Dutch Low Saxon: book

        German Low German: Book

      • Plautdietsch: Buak
  • Old Dutch: buok
    • Middle Dutch: boec
      • Dutch: boek (see there for further descendants)
      • Limburgish: book
      • → Middle French: boucquain (via diminutive forms *boeckin, *boeckijn)
        • French: bouquin
  • Old High German: buoh, puoh
    • Middle High German: buoch
      • Alemannic German: Buech, Büäch

        Alsatian: Bööch, Büech

        Swabian: Buach

      • Bavarian: Buach

        Münsterländisch: Büak

      • Central Franconian: Booch, Buch

        Hunsrik: Buch

        Kölsch: Booch

        Luxembourgish: Buch

      • East Franconian: Bouch
      • German: Buch
      • Rhine Franconian: Buch, Busch

        Pennsylvania German: Buch

      • Vilamovian: büch
      • Yiddish: בוך (bukh)
• Old Norse: bók
  • Icelandic: bók f
  • Faroese: bók f
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: bok f
  • Norwegian Bokmål: bok m or f
  • Elfdalian: buok f
  • Old Swedish: bōk f, ᛒᚮᚴ (Runic)
    • Swedish: bok
    • → Finnish: pyökki
  • Old Danish: bok
    • Danish: bog c
  • Gutnish: bok