Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tungǭ

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

N-stem variant of Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s (“tongue”). Cognate with Latin lingua (“tongue”) and Sanskrit जिह्वा (jihvā, “tongue”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtuŋ.ɡɔ̃ː/

Noun

*tungǭ f

1. tongue
2. speech, language

Inflection

ōn-stemDeclension of *tungǭ (ōn-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*tungǭ	*tungōniz
vocative	*tungǭ	*tungōniz
accusative	*tungōnų	*tungōnunz
genitive	*tungōniz	*tungōnǫ̂
dative	*tungōni	*tungōmaz
instrumental	*tungōnē	*tungōmiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *tungā
  • Old English: tunge
    • Middle English: tonge, tong, tung, tunge
      • English: tongue, tounge (misspelling, otherwise obsolete); tung (eye dialect, otherwise obsolete); tong, tonge, toong, toongue, toung, toungue, tunge (obsolete)
        • Australian Kriol: tang
        • Bislama: tang
        • Sranan Tongo: tongo
        • Tok Pisin: tang
        • Torres Strait Creole: tang
      • Scots: tung, tongue, tong
  • Old Frisian: tunge
    • North Frisian: tonge, tunge
    • Saterland Frisian: Tunge
    • West Frisian: tonge
  • Old Saxon: tunga, tunge
    • Middle Low German: tunge
      • German Low German: Tunge
      • Plautdietsch: Tung
  • Old Dutch: tunga
    • Middle Dutch: tonge, tonghe
      • Dutch: tong
        • Afrikaans: tong
        • Negerhollands: tong, toṅ, tung
          • → Virgin Islands Creole: ton (dated)
        • Skepi Creole Dutch: tunk
        • →? Sranan Tongo: tongo
          • → Aukan: tongo
          • → Kwinti: tongo
          • → Saramaccan: tongò
      • Limburgish: tóng
  • Old High German: zunga
    • Middle High German: zunge
      • Alemannic German: Zunge
      • Central Franconian: Zong
      • Cimbrian: zung
      • German: Zunge
      • Luxembourgish: Zong
      • Vilamovian: cung
      • Yiddish: צונג (tsung)
• Old Norse: tunga
  • Icelandic: tunga
  • Faroese: tunga
  • Norn: tunga
  • Norwegian: tunge
  • Old Swedish: tunga
    • Swedish: tunga
  • Old Danish: tungæ
    • Danish: tunge
  • Elfdalian: tungga
  • Gutnish: tungge, tunggå, tungga
• Gothic: 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 (tuggō)