Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰe

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Particle

*g(ʰ)i or *g(ʰ)e or *g(ʰ)o

1. Postpositional intensifying particle, indeed, at any rate, in fact
2. Discourse particle, indeed, of course, surely

Usage notes

The particle in Proto-Indo-European was indeclinable. Some daughter languages, particularly Italic, added pronominal inflection later, as also occurred with particles *de, *h₁ew, and *ḱe. This particle could either be post-posed to the word it intensified (e.g *Hyód-ge wóyde - that which he knows) or that it otherwise modified (e.g *né-gʰi - not at all, no indeed), or it could begin discourse in which it is place before everything else (e.g *gʰí ... - of course, ...). The presence or lack of aspiration as well as the ablaut grade appear to have been completely arbitrary, and may have been subject to dialectal variation.

Derived terms

• *gʰe-ḱe (combined with *ḱe)
  • Proto-Italic: *ɣik(e)
    • Latin: hic
• *ne-g(ʰ)i (combined with *ne)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *negi
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *naǰʰí
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *naźʰí
• *sm̥-gʰé (combined with *sm̥-)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saǰʰa
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saźʰa

Descendants

• Proto-Hellenic: *ge
  • Ancient Greek: γε (ge)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰí, *ǰʰá, *gʰá
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰí, *źʰá, *gʰá
    • Sanskrit: हि (hí), ह (há), घ (ghá)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ge
  • Proto-Slavic: *že
    • Russian: же (že), ж (ž) — senses 3–5
      • → Ingrian: že
      • → Kildin Sami: шэ (še, topic particle)
• Proto-Germanic: *-k
  • Gothic: -𐌺 (-k)