Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-atjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *-dyé- (verbal suffix). Cognate with Ancient Greek -άζω (-ázō).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑt.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*-atjaną

1. Creates verbs from nouns and adjectives, similar to -ise.
2. Creates intensive verbs from other verbs.

Inflection

Judging from the inflection of this suffix in Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 (kaupastēdun) and 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌹 (kaupastēdi), the past lacked the suffix -i- and was therefore inflected like a j-present. The past participle of that same Gothic verb, attested once in the form 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 (kaupatidai), irregularly deviates from the rest of the past tense forms.

Conjugation of *-atjaną (weak class 1 j-present)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*-atjō	*-atjaų	—	*-atjai	?
2nd singular	*-atisi	*-atjais	*-ati	*-atjasai	*-atjaisau
3rd singular	*-atiþi	*-atjai	*-atjaþau	*-atjaþai	*-atjaiþau
1st dual	*-atjōs	*-atjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*-atjaþiz	*-atjaiþiz	*-atjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*-atjamaz	*-atjaim	—	*-atjanþai	*-atjainþau
2nd plural	*-atiþ	*-atjaiþ	*-atiþ	*-atjanþai	*-atjainþau
3rd plural	*-atjanþi	*-atjain	*-atjanþau	*-atjanþai	*-atjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*-astǭ	*-astēdį̄
2nd singular	*-astēz	*-astēdīz
3rd singular	*-astē	*-astēdī
1st dual	*-astēdū	*-astēdīw
2nd dual	*-astēdudiz	*-astēdīdiz
1st plural	*-astēdum	*-astēdīm
2nd plural	*-astēdud	*-astēdīd
3rd plural	*-astēdun	*-astēdīn
	present	past
participles	*-atjandz	*-atidaz

Derived terms

Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-atjaną

Related terms

• *-atją
• *-itją
• *-utją

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *-attjan
  • Old English: -ettan
    • Middle English: thouten (“to address as 'thou'”), yeten (“to address as 'ye'”) (likely); grunten (from Old English grunnettan); spouten,
      • English: yeet, grunt, fidget (possibly), spout, botch, haunt (via French)
  • Old High German: -azzen, -ezzen
    • Middle High German: -ezzen, -zen, -sen
      • German: -zen, -sen
• Old Norse: -ta
  • Icelandic: -ta
  • Faroese: -ta
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: -ta
  • Old Swedish: -ta
    • Swedish: -ta
  • Danish: -te
    • Norwegian Bokmål: -te
• Gothic: -𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (-atjan)