Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fulką

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *fulkaz (“crowd, army”), of uncertain origin. May ultimately be from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁-gós, from *pleh₁- (“to fill”). Compare Latin plebs (“common people”). Old Church Slavonic плъкъ (plŭkŭ, “army division”), Lithuanian pulkas (“crowd”) are both believed to be early borrowings from the Proto-Germanic word before Grimm's Law occurred. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Orel's connection with Welsh ôl (“track, trace”) is unlikely, considering the latter's likely origin from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“alien, other”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɸul.kɑ̃/

Noun

*fulką n

1. troop, army

Inflection

neuter a-stemDeclension of *fulką (neuter a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*fulką	*fulkō
vocative	*fulką	*fulkō
accusative	*fulką	*fulkō
genitive	*fulkas, *fulkis	*fulkǫ̂
dative	*fulkai	*fulkamaz
instrumental	*fulkō	*fulkamiz

Derived terms

• *fulkiją
• *fulkijaz
• *fulkijaną
• *fulkawīgą
• *harjafulką

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *folk
  • Old English: folc
    • Middle English: folk, folke, foolk, fok, folck, folc, follc, volk
      • English: folk
      • Scots: fowk
  • Old Frisian: folk
    • North Frisian:
      • Föhr-Amrum: folk
    • Saterland Frisian: Foulk
    • West Frisian: folk
  • Old Saxon: folk, folc
    • Middle Low German: volk
      • Low German:
        • German Low German:

          Hamburgisch: Volk

          Westphalian:

          Lippisch: Volk

          Ravensbergisch: Folk

          Sauerländisch: Volk

          Westmünsterländisch: Volk

      • Plautdietsch: Volkj
  • Old Dutch: folc
    • Middle Dutch: volc
      • Dutch: volk
        • Afrikaans: volk
        • Negerhollands: volk, folok, folk, fulok, fuluk, folluk
        • → Sranan Tongo: folku
      • Limburgish: vouk
  • Old High German: folk, folc
    • Middle High German: volk
      • Cimbrian: vòlk, bòlk (Mezzaselva)
      • German: Volk
      • Hunsrik: Follek
      • Luxembourgish: Vollek
      • Vilamovian: fulk
      • Yiddish: פֿאָלק (folk)
  • → Early Medieval Latin: fulcus
    • Catalan: folc
    • Italian: folla
    • Old French: foulc (see there for further descendants)
    • Galician: foula
• Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛟᛚᚲᚨ (*folka)
  • Old Norse: folk, fólk
    • Icelandic: fólk
    • Faroese: fólk
    • Norn: folekar
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: folk; (dialectal) fólk, fókk, følk, fælk
    • Jamtish: fołk
    • Elfdalian: fuok
    • Old Swedish: folk, fulk
      • Swedish: folk
    • Old Danish: folk
      • Danish: folk
        • Norwegian Bokmål: folk
      • Scanian: fólk
    • Old Gutnish: fulk
      • Gutnish: fålk
• Gothic: *𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺 (*fulk) (likely)
  • → Proto-Slavic: *pъlkъ
    • East Slavic:
      • Old East Slavic: пълкъ (pŭlkŭ)
        • Old Ruthenian: полкъ (polk) (< influence of the Middle Russian полкъ (polk))
          • Belarusian: полк (polk)
          • Ukrainian: полк (polk), повк (povk), півк (pivk)
          • → Polish: połk, półk, pułk
            • → German: Pulk
            • → Latvian: pulks
        • Middle Russian: полкъ (polk)
          • Russian: полк (polk)
    • South Slavic:
      • Old Church Slavonic:

        Old Cyrillic script: плъкъ (plŭkŭ)

        Glagolitic script: ⱂⰾⱏⰽⱏ (plŭkŭ)

      • Bulgarian: пълк (pǎlk)
      • Macedonian: полк (polk)
      • Serbo-Croatian:

        Cyrillic script: пу̑к

        Latin script: pȗk

      • Slovene: połk
    • West Slavic:
      • Czech: pluk
      • Old Polish: *pełk
      • Slovak: pluk
      • Sorbian:
        • Upper Sorbian: połk
• → Proto-Finnic: *hulkka (see there for further descendants)