Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grabaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰróbʰ-, o-grade form of Proto-Indo-European *gʰrebʰ- (“to dig, scratch, bury”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɣrɑ.βɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*grabaną

1. to dig
2. to engrave, scratch

Inflection

Conjugation of *grabaną (strong class 6)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*grabō	*grabaų	—	*grabai	?
2nd singular	*grabizi	*grabaiz	*grab	*grabazai	*grabaizau
3rd singular	*grabidi	*grabai	*grabadau	*grabadai	*grabaidau
1st dual	*grabōz	*grabaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*grabadiz	*grabaidiz	*grabadiz	—	—
1st plural	*grabamaz	*grabaim	—	*grabandai	*grabaindau
2nd plural	*grabid	*grabaid	*grabid	*grabandai	*grabaindau
3rd plural	*grabandi	*grabain	*grabandau	*grabandai	*grabaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*grōb	*grōbį̄
2nd singular	*grōft	*grōbīz
3rd singular	*grōb	*grōbī
1st dual	*grōbū	*grōbīw
2nd dual	*grōbudiz	*grōbīdiz
1st plural	*grōbum	*grōbīm
2nd plural	*grōbud	*grōbīd
3rd plural	*grōbun	*grōbīn
	present	past
participles	*grabandz	*grabanaz

Derived terms

• *bigrabaną
• *grabą
• *graftuz
• *grōbiz
• *grōbō
• *gruppōną

Related terms

• *grēbiz
• *grubb-
• *grubilōną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *graban
  • Old English: grafan
    • Middle English: graven, grafe, grave, gravyn
      • English: grave (obsolete)
        • ⇒ English: engrave
      • Scots: grave
  • Old Frisian: greva
    • Saterland Frisian: greeuwe
  • Old Saxon: gravan
    • Middle Low German: graven, grāven
      • German Low German: graven
      • → West Frisian: grave
  • Old Dutch: gravan
    • Middle Dutch: grāven
      • Dutch: graven
        • Afrikaans: graaf
        • Jersey Dutch: xrâve
        • Negerhollands: graav, graev
      • Limburgish: grave
  • Old High German: graban
    • Middle High German: graben
      • German: graben
      • Luxembourgish: gruewen
      • Yiddish: גראָבן (grobn)
  • → Vulgar Latin: *grabō (“to engrave”) (see there for further descendants)
• Old Norse: grafa
  • Icelandic: grafa
  • Faroese: grava
  • Norwegian:
    • Norwegian Bokmål: grave
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: grave, grava
  • Elfdalian: gråvå
  • Old Swedish: grava, græva
    • Swedish: grava, gräva; grafva, gräfva (pre-1906 spelling)
  • Danish: grave
• Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (graban)