Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hlaupaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *klewb- (“to spring; to hop”). Compare Lithuanian klùpti, Latvian klupt (“to stumble”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxlɑu̯.pɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hlaupaną

1. to jump forward, to leap

Inflection

Conjugation of *hlaupaną (strong class 7b)

	active voice				passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hlaupō	*hlaupaų	—		*hlaupai	?
2nd singular	*hlaupizi	*hlaupaiz	*hlaup		*hlaupazai	*hlaupaizau
3rd singular	*hlaupidi	*hlaupai	*hlaupadau		*hlaupadai	*hlaupaidau
1st dual	*hlaupōz	*hlaupaiw	—		—	—
2nd dual	*hlaupadiz	*hlaupaidiz	*hlaupadiz		—	—
1st plural	*hlaupamaz	*hlaupaim	—		*hlaupandai	*hlaupaindau
2nd plural	*hlaupid	*hlaupaid	*hlaupid		*hlaupandai	*hlaupaindau
3rd plural	*hlaupandi	*hlaupain	*hlaupandau		*hlaupandai	*hlaupaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hehlaup	*hehlaupį̄
2nd singular	*hehlauft	*hehlaupīz
3rd singular	*hehlaup	*hehlaupī
1st dual	*hehlaupū	*hehlaupīw
2nd dual	*hehlaupudiz	*hehlaupīdiz
1st plural	*hehlaupum	*hehlaupīm
2nd plural	*hehlaupud	*hehlaupīd
3rd plural	*hehlaupun	*hehlaupīn
	present	past
participles	*hlaupandz	*hlaupanaz

Related terms

• *hlaupiz
• *hlaupōną
• *hluppōną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hlaupan
  • Old English: hlēapan
    • Middle English: lepen, leapen, leopen, leppen, luppen
      • English: leap
      • Scots: lepe, leip, leap
  • Old Frisian: hlāpa
    • North Frisian:

      Föhr-Amrum: luup

      Mooring: luupe

      Sylt: laap

    • Saterland Frisian: lope, loope
    • West Frisian: ljeppe
  • Old Saxon: hlōpan
    • Middle Low German: lôpen
      • Low German: lopen
  • Old Dutch: lōpan
    • Middle Dutch: lôpen
      • Dutch: lopen, loopen (archaic)
        • Afrikaans: loop
        • Negerhollands: loop, loo, lo, lu
        • Skepi Creole Dutch: lop, louphe, luffi, loup
      • Limburgish: loupe
    • → Central Franconian: loope
  • Old High German: hloufan, loufan
    • Middle High German: loufen
      • Alemannic German: laufe, lauffe, loufe

        Swabian: laufe

        Vorarlbergisch: loufa

      • Bavarian: laffa

        Cimbrian: loavan, lóofan (Sette Comuni)

        Mòcheno:

      • Central Franconian: loofe, laafe

        Hunsrik: laafe

        Kölsch: laufe, loufe

        Luxembourgish: lafen

      • East Central German:

        Erzgebirgisch: laafn

        Upper Saxon German: loofen

        Vilamovian: łaojfa

      • East Franconian:
      • German: laufen
      • Rhine Franconian:

        Pennsylvania German: laafe

      • Yiddish: לויפֿן (loyfn)
  • →⇒ Old French: gualoper, galoper (see there for further descendants)
• Old Norse: hlaupa
  • Icelandic: hlaupa
  • Faroese: leypa
  • Norn: lopa
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: laupa
  • Elfdalian: lopa
  • Old Swedish: lø̄pa
    • Swedish: löpa
      • → Elfdalian: löpa
  • Old Danish: løpæ
    • Danish: løbe
      • Norwegian Bokmål: løpe
        • → Norwegian Nynorsk: løpa
    • Scanian: lǿba
  • Old Gutnish: laupa
    • Gutnish: laupe
  • → Middle English: lopen, loupen, laupen
    • English: lope
    • Scots: lowp, loup
    • Yola: laupe
• ⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽 (ushlaupan)