Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂et-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology 1

Root

*h₂et-^[1]

grass

Descendants

Unsorted formations

Proto-Tocharian: *ātŭyā
- Tocharian A: āti
- Tocharian B: atiyo
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Latvian: atãls
- Lithuanian: atolas
- Old Prussian: attolis
- Proto-Slavic: *otava (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “atiyo”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 9-10

Etymology 2

Root

*h₂et-^[1]

but, yet^[2]

Notes

According to de Vaan, the similarity of shape and meaning between this root and *éti makes it difficult to assign undoubtedly most descendants to either one or the other. But Dunkel points out that *éti has a local “from there” and intensifying “exceedingly” meaning, while *át is contrastive “but” and affirming “indeed > furthermore”.

Furthermore, Hittite [Term?] (/⁠addu⁠/, “but, furthermore”) suggests that *át is the correct form, as *h₂ would have been preserved in Hittite.

Descendants

Avestan: 𐬀𐬝 (at̰)^[2]

Derived terms

*h₂ét-i (“back, again, away”) (perhaps)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ati^[2]
  - Latvian: at-
  - Lithuanian: ati- (“back, again, away”)
  - Old Prussian: et-, at-
  - Proto-Slavic: *otъ (“away, again”)
- Proto-Celtic: *ati- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *ati^[1]
  - Latin: at (or from *h₂et-h₂o)
  - Venetic: ati-
- ⇒? Proto-Tocharian: (or directly from *h₂ét)
  - Tocharian B: at (“away”)
- ⇒ *h₂etō^[3]
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *atō
    - Lithuanian: ato- (“back, away”)
  - >? Proto-Tocharian: *āté (or from *h₂et-o-)
    - Tocharian B: ate (“away”)
*h₂et-dʰe (locative adverbial ending)^[2]
- Latin: ast (“but if, but, and then”)
*h₂et-h₂o/*át-h₂u (“but, in addition”) (adverbial compound)^[2]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [Term?] (/⁠addu⁠/, “but, furthermore”)
- >? Proto-Celtic:
  - Celtiberian: ata (“but, furthermore”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *átHa (“but, come!, in that case, then”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: अथ (átha, “but, then”)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan:
      Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬚𐬁 (aθā)
      
      Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬚𐬀 (aθa)
- >? Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: at (“but; whereas; moreover”)^[2] (or from *h₂et-i)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - >? Tocharian B: ot (“then”)^[4]

Unsorted formations

Ancient Greek: ἀτ(άρ) (at(ár)) (perhaps)
Gothic: 𐌰𐌸(𐌸𐌰𐌽) (aþþan, “then, but, indeed”)^[2]

Alternative reconstructions

*át^[2]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “at”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 59
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 87-93
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ate”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 10
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ot”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 120

[1] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “atiyo”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 9-10

[EDL-2] 1.0 ^1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “at”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 59

[lipp-3] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 87-93

[4] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ate”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 10

[5] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ot”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 120

[1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]