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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/oḱtṓw

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Etymology

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    Formally the dual of a stem *(H)oḱto- (“four fingers”). This erstwhile singular seems to appear in Avestan 𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬌- (ašti-, “breadth of four fingers”) and appears to have been borrowed into Proto-Kartvelian as *otxo- (“four”).

    Numeral

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    Proto-Indo-European cardinal numbers
     <  7 8 9  > 
        Cardinal : *oḱtṓw
        Ordinal : *oḱtowós[1]

    *oḱtṓw[2][3][4]

    1. eight

    Alternative reconstructions

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    Derived terms

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    Descendants

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    • Proto-Albanian: *aktṓ (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Anatolian:
    • Proto-Armenian:
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aśtṓ (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *oxtū (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *ahtōu (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *oktṓ (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haštā́ (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *oktō (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *óktu[10]

    References

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    1. ^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010), Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell
    2. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 18: “*oḱtṓw”
    3. ^ Lundquist, Jesse; Yates, Anthony D. (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2104: “*ok̑tṓ(u)”
    4. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “ok̑tō(u)”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 775
    5. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὀκτώ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1066: “*h₃eḱteh₃(u)”
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “aṣṭá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 63-64
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “octō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 424-5
    8. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “aštuoni”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 64-65
    9. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*oxtū”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 304
    10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “okt”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 115-116
    11. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “oktante”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 116

    Further reading

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    • Bjørn, Rasmus (2019), “Nouns and Foreign Numerals: Anatolian ‘Four’ and the Development of the PIE Decimal System”, in Matilde Serangeli and Thomas Olander, editors, Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 19), Leiden and Boston: Brill, →DOI, pages 57, 62–64


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    PIE numerals
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