Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/carHdáh

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁-?

Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts

Proto-Iranian *carHdáh

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁- (“to warm up, to be hot”). Cognate with Latin caleō (“to be warm”).

Noun

*carHdáh f

1. autumn, summer
2. year

Derived terms

• *nawahcarHdah (“new year”)
  • Khwarezmian: نوسارڅ (nwsʾrc /⁠nawsārc⁠/)
  • Sogdian: *nawēsarδ
    • → Classical Persian: نوسرذ (nawsarδ, “the new year celecbration”) (Albiruni's books)
  • Parthian: *nawāgsarδ
    • → Old Armenian: նաւասարդ (nawasard)
    • → Aramaic: 𐡍𐡅𐡎𐡓𐡃𐡀‎ (nwsrdʾ‎ /⁠nawsardā⁠/, “new year”)
  • Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (nwksʾł /⁠nōgsāl⁠/)
    • Classical Persian: نوسال (nawsāl)

      Dari: نوسال (nawsāl)

      Iranian Persian: نوسال (nowsāl)

      Tajik: навсол (navsol)

• *upacarHdáh (“spring”)
  • Khotanese: 𑀧𑀲𑀸𑀮 (pasāla)
  • Sogdian: ܐܦܣܐܪܠ (ʾpsʾrδ /⁠əpsarδ⁠/, “the new year festival”)
  • Pashto: پسرلۍ (pserláy, “spring”)
  • Yidgha: فسیدرو (fsīdro, “spring”)
  • Mazanderani: اوسر (avasor, “spring”)
  • Talysh: (/⁠avasōr⁠/, “spring”)

    Latin script: əvəsor

    Arabic script: اوسور

  • Parthian: *aβsarδ
    • → Old Armenian: աւսարդ (awsard)
  • Zazaki: usar (usār, “spring”)
  • Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾpsʾł /⁠afsāl⁠/, “spring; new year festival, spring festival”)
    • Classical Persian: ابسال (absāl), آبسال (âbsâl)

Descendants

• Central Iranian:
  • Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (sar^əδa, “year”)
• Northeastern Iranian:
  • Proto-Scythian:
    • Ossetian: (“summer”)

      Digor Ossetian: сӕрдӕ (særdæ)

      Iron Ossetian: сӕрд (særd)

    • Proto-Saka-Wakhi:
      • Khotanese: [script needed] (salä)
      • Wakhi: wəsərd
  • Sogdo-Bactrian:
    • Bactrian: σαρλο (sarlo)
    • Khwarezmian: سرذ (srδ /⁠*sarδ⁠/)
    • Sogdian: (/⁠sarδ⁠/)

      Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫡𐫔 (srδ), 𐫘𐫡𐫕 (srδδ)

      Sogdian script: 𐼼𐽀𐼹 (srδ)

      Syriac script: ܣܪܕ (srd), ܫܢܬ (ŠNT)

• Southeastern Iranian:
  • Pashto: پشېرلی (pšerláy, “young ram in the second year”), پشېرلی (pšerlë́y, “young ewe in the second year”)
  • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
    • Yidgha: اسال (asāl)
    • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:
      • Shughni: асӣд̌ (asīδ), асӣд (asīd), (Khufi, Rushani) [script needed] (asoδ), [script needed] (asöδ)
      • Yazghulami: асуд̌ (asuδ), асу̊д̌ (asůδ)
• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Baluchi: سال (sál)
  • Kurdish:

    Northern Kurdish: sal

    Central Kurdish: ساڵ (sall)

    Southern Kurdish: ساڵ (sall)

    Laki: ساڵ (sall)

  • Medo-Parthian:
    • Caspian:
      • Mazanderani: سال (sāl)
      • Gilaki: سال (sāl)
    • Parthian: (/⁠sarδ, sār⁠/)

      Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫀𐫡 (sʾr)

      Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭔𐭍𐭕 (ŠNT)

      • ⇒ Old Armenian: երիտասարդ (eritasard)
    • Proto-Tatic:
      • Talysh:

        Latin script: sor

        Arabic script: سور

      • Old Tati:

        Old Azari: سور (sōr)

        • Harzani: سور (sor)
        • Karingani: سور (sōr)
    • Zaza-Gurani:
      • Gurani: ساڵ (sāł)
      • Zazaki: serre (sařa)
• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Old Persian: 𐎰𐎼𐎭 (θ-r-d /⁠θrda⁠/, “year”)
    • Middle Persian: (/⁠sāl⁠/)

      Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫀𐫡 (sʾr)

      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ŠNT)

      Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭱𐭭𐭲 (ŠNT)

      Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮐𐮌𐮑 (ŠNT)

      • Lurish:

        Northern Luri: سال (sāl)

        Bakhtiari: سال (sāl)

        Southern Luri: سال (sāl)

      • Classical Persian: سال (sāl)
        • → Hindi: साल (sāl)
        • → Urdu: سال (sāl)
        • Iranian Persian: سال (sāl)
        • Dari: سال (sāl)
        • Tajik: сол (sol)
          • → Yaghnobi: сол (sol)
        • Bukhari: סאָל (sol)
        • Judeo-Tat:

          Cyrillic script: сал (sal)

          Hebrew script: סל (sl)

  • Southwestern Fars:
    • Old Kazeruni: ثل (θal) (in older orthography)