Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xodъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

• Accent paradigm c:

According to Rick Derksen, from Proto-Indo-European *sodós, from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὁδός (hodós, “way”).

Sergei Nikolaev believes that the comparison is “tempting, but unfounded phonetically,” which does not contradict the analogy in any way: The form has initial *x by analogy with derived words beginning with the prefixes *per-, *pri-, *u-, in which *s shifted to *x by the ruki sound law. But contradicts the Winter’s law.

According to Vladimir Dybo, the form is borrowed from Iranian (Dybo 2002: 479).

Frederik Kortlandt believes that the hypothesis of borrowing from Iranian is “semantically implausible” and the form goes back to *xodìti (Kortlandt 2007: 1). However, according to Nikolaev, it is accentologically implausible. According to ESSJa, reverse derivation is impossible, which supports the accentological argument.

• Accent paradigm b:

Some dialect groups make it possible to reconstruct the semantic-accentuation pair: *xȍdъ, gen. *xȍda and *xòdъ, gen. *xodà. For example, this semantic-accentuation pair is represented in the Posozhko-Pripyat dialect: xod, gen. xódu, instr. xódom ~ xod, gen. xodá, instr. xodóm. Most other dialects usually retain one variant of the semantic-accentuation pair.

According to Nikolaev, the form is a secondary deverbative of *xodìti (Nikolaev 2012: 98).

Noun

*xȍdъ or *xòdъ m

1. motion, movement (towards an accent paradigm c)
2. passage, place of moving forward (towards an accent paradigm b)

Inflection

Declension of *xȍdъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*xȍdъ	*xȍda	*xȍdi
genitive	*xȍda	*xodù	*xòdъ
dative	*xȍdu	*xodomà	*xodòmъ
accusative	*xȍdъ	*xȍda	*xȍdy
instrumental	*xȍdъmь, *xȍdomь*	*xodomà	*xodý
locative	*xȍdě	*xodù	*xodě̃xъ
vocative	*xode	*xȍda	*xȍdi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Declension of *xòdъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm b)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*xòdъ	*xodà	*xodì
genitive	*xodà	*xodù	*xòdъ
dative	*xodù	*xodòma	*xodòmъ
accusative	*xòdъ	*xodà	*xodỳ
instrumental	*xodъ̀mь, *xodòmь*	*xodòma	*xòdy
locative	*xodě̀	*xodù	*xòděxъ
vocative	*xode	*xodà	*xodì

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

• *xodakъ
• *xodatati (“to mediate, to transmit”)
  • *xodatajь (“solicitor”)
• *xodidlo
• *Xodislavъ
• *xoditi (“to go, walk”)
• *Xodivojь
• *xoďь, *xoďa
• *xoďajь
• *xoďane
• *xoďenьje (“walking”)
• *xodota
• *xoduľa
• *xodunъ
• *xodyka
• *xodyni
• *xodьba (“walking, pacing”)
• *xodьcь
• *xodьnъ
• *vъzxodъ
• *zaxodъ
• *naxodъ
• *prixodъ
• *otъxodъ
• *šь̀dlъ
  • *šь̀stьje, *šь̀stvьje

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: ходъ (xodŭ), хода (xoda)
    • Belarusian: ход (xod)
    • Russian: ход (xod), хода (xoda)
    • Ukrainian: хід (xid), хода (xoda)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic: ходъ (xodŭ)
  • Bulgarian: ход (hod)
  • Macedonian: од (od)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: хо̑д

    Latin script: hȏd

    (Sali): xọ̑d

    (Susak): xu̯ȏt

  • Old Slovene: hod
    • Slovene: hȍd (tonal orthography)

      (Črni Vrh village): xȗət

• West Slavic:
  • Kashubian: chód
  • Old Czech: chod
    • Czech: chod
  • Old Polish: chód
    • Polish: chód
    • Silesian: chōd
  • Slovak: chod
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: chód, choda
    • Lower Sorbian: chód

Further reading

• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xodъ /*xoda”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 51
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “ход”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress