aşağı
Azerbaijani[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From aşağa, the dative form of *aşaq, as in Karakhanid اَشَقْ (aşaq, “bottom of a mountain”), ultimately from the same etymon as aşmaq: Proto-Turkic *āš- (“to cross (a mountain), to surpass”) + -aq.
Possibly formed as an adjective from aşağa (“downwards”) with the sense "lower, the lower one; low" analogically to yuxarı (“upwards; upper; high”) and later reinterpreted as directional adverb itself. The original form aşağa is now considered colloquial or dialectal and proscribed from usage in writing; as such, it is not found in the standard Azerbaijani dictionaries, such as Azərbaycan dilinin izahlı lüğəti[1] or in Azerbaijani-Russian dictionaries[2]. This is probably due to the fact that the noun *aşaq did not make it into Azerbaijani, so aşağa is not perceived as a dative case of any noun, but rather as a corruption of aşağıya. The latter must be a new dative case form that has been formed with aşağı as the base. Compare also the note on Ottoman Turkish اشغی (aşağı) as a form of Ottoman Turkish اشغه (aşağa) "used by educated people" in Meninski (1680).
The paradigm of directional/spatial adverbs of height in Azerbaijani must have undergone a morpho-semantic leveling so that senses of yuxarı / aşağı and their derived forms almost completely mirror one another:
- yuxarı 'upwards' (adv.); attested first.
- aşağa 'downwards' (adv.); attested first.
The formation of aşağı from aşağa as a paradigmatic counterpart of yuxarı may have been facilitated by the need for another, neutral concept for 'low, not high' in view of the development of a negative figurative sense in alçaq (“low; → despicable”).
Compare also reshaping of Turkish aşağı to aşarı, aşaru under the analogical influence of yukarı in Anatolian dialects.
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): [ɑʃɑˈɣɯ]
- IPA(key): [ɑʃːɑˈɣɯ] (especially when emphasized)
Audio (Baku) (file) - Hyphenation: a‧şa‧ğı
Adverb[edit]
aşağı
Adjective[edit]
aşağı (comparative daha aşağı, superlative ən aşağı)
- lower
- more towards the bottom than the middle of an object
- (in placenames) lower; situated on lower ground
- Aşağı Əylis ― Lower Aylis
- Aşağı Əskipara ― Lower Askipara
- (parliamentarism) lower
- aşağı palata ― lower chamber
- Antonym: yuxarı
- low
- deep (of a sound or voice, low in frequency or pitch)
Noun[edit]
aşağı (definite accusative aşağını, plural aşağılar)
- lower part
- evin aşağısı ― lower part of the house
- (colloquial) lower prise, discount
- Qiymət sondur, aşağısı yoxdur. ― The price is final, no discount on it.
Declension[edit]
Declension of aşağı | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | |||||||
nominative | aşağı |
aşağılar | ||||||
definite accusative | aşağını |
aşağıları | ||||||
dative | aşağıya |
aşağılara | ||||||
locative | aşağıda |
aşağılarda | ||||||
ablative | aşağıdan |
aşağılardan | ||||||
definite genitive | aşağının |
aşağıların |
Related terms[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- ^ Orucov, Əliheydər, editor (2006), “aşağı”, in Azərbaycan dilinin izahlı lüğəti [Explanatory Dictionary of the Azerbaijani Language] (in Azerbaijani), Baku: Şərq-Qərb
- ^ Əzizbəyov X. Ə. (1965), “aşağı”, in Азәрбајҹанҹа-русҹа лүғәт [Azerbaijani-Russian Dictionary], Baku: Azərbaycan Dövlət Nəşriyyatı
- “aşağı” in Obastan.com.
Crimean Tatar[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Ottoman Turkish اشغی (aşağı).
Adverb[edit]
aşağı
Adjective[edit]
aşağı
Related terms[edit]
Salar[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Salar aşaq (“low”). Cognate with Turkmen aşāgy.
Pronunciation[edit]
- (Jiezi, Gaizi, Xunhua, Qinghai, Ili, Yining, Xinjiang) IPA(key): [ɑʃɑːʁɨ], [ɑʃɑʁɨ]
- (Qingshui, Xunhua, Qinghai) IPA(key): [ɑːʃɑʁɨ]
Noun[edit]
aşağı
References[edit]
- Tenishev, Edhem (1976), “aşağı”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow, page 295
Turkish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From aşağa, the dative form of aşak, as in Old Turkic [script needed] (aşak, “bottom of mountain”)[1], ultimately from the same etymon as aşmak: Proto-Turkic *āš- (“to cross (a mountain), to surpass”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
aşağı (definite accusative aşağıyı, plural aşağılar)
Declension[edit]
Adjective[edit]
aşağı
Adverb[edit]
aşağı
Synonyms[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “aşağı”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- Azerbaijani terms derived from Proto-Turkic
- Azerbaijani terms with IPA pronunciation
- Azerbaijani terms with audio links
- Azerbaijani lemmas
- Azerbaijani adverbs
- az:Directions
- Azerbaijani terms with usage examples
- Azerbaijani adjectives
- Azerbaijani nouns
- Azerbaijani colloquialisms
- Azerbaijani terms suffixed with -aq
- Crimean Tatar terms borrowed from Ottoman Turkish
- Crimean Tatar terms derived from Ottoman Turkish
- Crimean Tatar lemmas
- Crimean Tatar adverbs
- Crimean Tatar adjectives
- Qinghai Salar
- Salar terms with IPA pronunciation
- Salar lemmas
- Salar nouns
- Turkish terms derived from Proto-Turkic
- Turkish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Turkish lemmas
- Turkish nouns
- Turkish adverbs