espier
English
Etymology
Noun
espier (plural espiers)
- One who espies.
- (Can we find and add a quotation of Harmar to this entry?)
Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster’s Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing.
(See the entry for “espier”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.)
Anagrams
Middle French
Verb
espier
- to watch
Conjugation
- Middle French conjugation varies from one text to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.
Conjugation of espier
infinitive | simple | espier | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle1 or gerund2 | simple | espiant | |||||
compound | present participle or gerund of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past participle | espié | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | ie (i’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ilz, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | espie | espies | espie | espions | espiez | espient |
imperfect | espiois, espioys | espiois, espioys | espioit, espioyt | espiions, espiyons | espiiez, espiyez | espioient, espioyent | |
past historic | espia | espias | espia | espiasmes | espiastes | espierent | |
future | espierai, espieray | espieras | espiera | espierons | espierez | espieront | |
conditional | espierois, espieroys | espierois, espieroys | espieroit, espieroyt | espierions, espieryons | espieriez, espieryez | espieroient, espieroyent | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que ie (i’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ilz, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | espie | espies | espie | espions | espiez | espient |
imperfect | espiasse | espiasses | espiast | espiassions | espiassiez | espiassent | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | espie | — | espions | espiez | — | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The present participle was variable in gender and number until the 17th century (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], Une esthétique nouvelle: Honoré d'Urfé, correcteur de l'Astrée, p. 179). The French Academy would eventually declare it not to be declined in 1679. | |||||||
2 The gerund was held to be invariable by grammarians of the early 17th century, and was usable with preposition en, as in Modern French, although the preposition was not mandatory (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], op. cit., p. 180). |
Old French
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Vulgar Latin *spiō (“to spy, espy”), from Frankish *spehōn (“to spy, watch”).
Verb
espier
- to watch
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
Conjugation of espier (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
simple | compound | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | espier | avoir espïé | |||||
gerund | en espiant | gerund of avoir + past participle | |||||
present participle | espiant | ||||||
past participle | espïé | ||||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
simple tenses |
present | espi | espïes | espïe | espions | espïez | espïent |
imperfect | espioie, espïeie, espioe, espïeve | espioies, espïeies, espioes, espïeves | espioit, espïeit, espiot, espïeve | espiiiens, espiiens | espiiiez, espiiez | espioient, espïeient, espioent, espïevent | |
preterite | espiai | espias | espia | espiames | espiastes | espïerent | |
future | espïerai | espïeras | espïera | espïerons | espïeroiz, espïereiz, espïerez | espïeront | |
conditional | espïeroie, espïereie | espïeroies, espïereies | espïeroit, espïereit | espïeriiens, espïeriens | espïeriiez, espïeriez | espïeroient, espïereient | |
compound tenses |
present perfect | present tense of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior | preterite tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
simple tenses |
present | espi | espis | espit | espions | espïez | espïent |
imperfect | espiasse | espiasses | espiast | espiissons, espiissiens | espiissoiz, espiissez, espiissiez | espiassent | |
compound tenses |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
— | espïe | — | espions | espïez | — |
Synonyms
Related terms
Descendants
Categories:
- English terms suffixed with -er
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English countable nouns
- Requests for quotations/Harmar
- Middle French lemmas
- Middle French verbs
- Middle French first group verbs
- Old French terms inherited from Vulgar Latin
- Old French terms derived from Vulgar Latin
- Old French terms derived from Frankish
- Old French lemmas
- Old French verbs
- Old French verbs with weak-a preterite
- Old French first group verbs
- Old French verbs ending in -er