twꜣ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /tuːɑ/
  • Conventional anglicization: tua

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to physically support, to hold up
2. (transitive) to support, to help or sustain (the poor)
3. (transitive) to lift up, to raise (+ r: to (a place))
4. (intransitive) to be supported (+ ḥr: to be supported by, to lean on (a person or scepter))

Inflection

Conjugation of twꜣ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: twꜣ, geminated stem: twꜣꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
twꜣ	twꜣw, twꜣ	twꜣt	twꜣ	twꜣ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
twꜣ	ḥr twꜣ	m twꜣ	r twꜣ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	twꜣ.n	twꜣw, twꜣ	consecutive	twꜣ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	twꜣt
perfective3	twꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	twꜣ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	twꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	twꜣ	twꜣꜣ	potentialis1	twꜣ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	twꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	twꜣ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	twꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	twꜣ	twꜣ, twꜣw5, twꜣy5
imperfective	twꜣ, twꜣy, twꜣw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	twꜣ, twꜣj6, twꜣy6	twꜣ, twꜣw5
prospective	twꜣ, twꜣtj7	—	twꜣtj4, twꜣt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of twꜣ  

twꜣ

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to beseech, to appeal to (someone)
2. (transitive) to plead about or raise (a claim), to appeal regarding

Inflection

Conjugation of twꜣ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: twꜣ, geminated stem: twꜣꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
twꜣ	twꜣw, twꜣ	twꜣt	twꜣ	twꜣ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
twꜣ	ḥr twꜣ	m twꜣ	r twꜣ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	twꜣ.n	twꜣw, twꜣ	consecutive	twꜣ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	twꜣt
perfective3	twꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	twꜣ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	twꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	twꜣ	twꜣꜣ	potentialis1	twꜣ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	twꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	twꜣ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	twꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	twꜣ	twꜣ, twꜣw5, twꜣy5
imperfective	twꜣ, twꜣy, twꜣw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	twꜣ, twꜣj6, twꜣy6	twꜣ, twꜣw5
prospective	twꜣ, twꜣtj7	—	twꜣtj4, twꜣt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of twꜣ  

twꜣ	twꜣ

Derived terms

• twꜣwt

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1931) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 248.5–248.7, 248.12–250.11
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 294–295
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 174.