ל־

See also: ל, ־ל, and Appendix:Variations of "l"

Aramaic

Etymology

From Proto-Semitic *lV-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /l-/

Preposition

ל־ • (l-)

1. to, for
2. (Babylonian Talmudic) Forms the direct object.

Inflection

Inflection table

Non-personal-pronoun-including form				לְ־, ל־, לִ־, לַ־, לֶ־, לָ־ (lə-, l-, li-, la-, le-, lo-, “to”)
Personal-pronoun- including forms	Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
First person	לִי (lī, “to me”)		לַנָא (lánā, “to us”)
Second person	לְךָ (lāḵ, “to you”)	לָךְ (lāḵ, “to you”)	לְכוֹן (ləḵōn, “to ye”)	לְכֵין (ləḵēn, “to ye”)
Third person	לֵהּ (lēh, “to him”)	לַהּ (lah, “to her”)	לְהוֹן (ləhōn, “to them”)	לְהֵין (ləhēn, “to them”)

Hebrew

Etymology

From Proto-Semitic *lV-.

Pronunciation

• (Modern Israeli Hebrew) IPA^(key): /lə/, /li/, /la/, /le/ (see usage notes)

Particle

לְ־, לִ־, לַ־, לֶ־, לָ־, לֵ־, לוֹ־ • (l'-, li-, la-, le-, la-, le-, lo-)

1. To; the first part of a to-infinitive.

   סָגוֹר (sagór, “close”) → לִסְגּוֹר (lisgór, “to close”)

Usage notes

• In most verbs of the pa'ál construction, the vowel is khirík (as in לִסְגּוֹר), but in others it may be patákh (as in לַעֲזוֹב or לַחְזוֹר), segól (as in לֶאֱכוֹל), kamáts (as in לָקוּם or לָרֶדֶת), or, very rarely, tseré (as in לֵאמוֹר) or kholám malé (as in לוֹמַר).
• In verbs of the pi'él, hitpa'él, hitpu'al, and hif'íl constructions (including variations such as polél, hitpolél, and nitpa'él), the vowel is shva ná.
• Verbs of the pu'ál and huf'ál constructions do not have infinitives.

Preposition

לְ־, ל־, לִ־, לַ־, לֶ־, לָ־ • (l'-, l-, li-, la-, le-, la-)

1. To; indicating a destination or end-point.
   1. Indicating the destination of movement.

      בשבוע שעבר נסעתי לירושלים. ― bashavúa she'avár nasá'ti lirushaláyim. ― Last week I went to Jerusalem.

      באיזו שעה נגיע לעיר? ― b'ézo sha'á nagía la'ír? ― What time will we get to the city?

   2. Indicating the second end-point of a range or interval.

      יש כביש ישר מפה לשם. ― yesh k'vísh yashár mipó l'shám. ― There's a straight road from here to there.

      לא יצלצלו בין שש לשמונה. ― lo y'tsalts'lú ben shésh lish'móne. ― They won't call between six and eight.

2. To, for; corresponding to an English indirect object or a Latin dative.
   1. Indicating the recipient of a transfer.

      נתתי לה מתנה. ― natáti la mataná. ― I gave her a gift.

   2. Indicating the addressee of an utterance.

      אמרו לנו מה קרה. ― amrú lánu ma kará. ― They told us what happened.

   3. Indicating the beneficiary of an action.

      תפתח לי בבקשה את הדלת? ― tiftákh li b'vakashá ét hadélet? ― Could you open the door for me?

   4. Indicating the person or thing affected by an action.

      מה עושים לאוכל? ― má osím la'ókhel? ― What are we/you/they doing to the food?

   5. Introducing an ethical dative, especially after a verb of motion.

      אנחנו הולכים לנו ברחוב. ― anákhnu hol'khím lánu barekhóv. ― We're walking down [literally walking us in] the street.

3. Of; indicating a possessor.
   1. Used with a form of הָיָה (hayá).

      היתה להם בעייה. ― haytá lahém b'ayá. ― They had [literally To them was] a problem.

   2. Used with יֵשׁ (yesh) or (for non-possession) אֵין (en).

      לרופאה יש עינים כחולות. ― larof'á yésh enáyim k'khulót. ― The doctor has [literally To the doctor there are] blue eyes.

      אין לך כסף? ― en l'khá/lákh késef? ― Don't you have [literally Isn't there to you] money?

   3. (now rare) Used as a bare predicate, with no copula.
      • Tanach, Song of Songs 6:3, with translation of the King James Version:

        אֲנִי לְדוֹדִי וְדוֹדִי לִי הָרֹעֶה בַּשּׁוֹשַׁנִּים׃

        aní l'dodí v'dodí li haro'é bashoshaním.

        I am my beloved's, and my beloved is mine: he feedeth among the lilies.

   4. Used with another verb, indicating the possessor of another object of the verb.

      הוא יושב לי על הכובע. ― hu yoshév li al hakóva. ― He is sitting on my hat [literally to me on the hat].

      היא נגעה לו במרפק. ― hi nag'á lo bamarpék. ― She touched him on the elbow.

4. To, into; indicating a result.

   מה גרם לזה? ― má garám l'zé? ― What caused this? [literally What caused to this?]

   1. Indicating the result of a transformation.

      הספה הופכת למיטה. ― hasapá hofékhet l'mitá. ― The sofa turns into a bed.

5. For, according to, in the opinion of; indicating the holder of a viewpoint, or the source of a claim.

   לדעתי, אין ברירה. ― l'da'atí, en b'rerá. ― In my opinion, there's no choice.

   לדבריו, האירוע נגמר בחצות. ― lid'varáv, ha'erúa nigmár b'khatsót. ― He said that [literally To his words] the event ended at midnight.

6. Indicating the theme of an impersonal verb or other impersonal predicate.

   נראה לי שגבוה מדי. ― nir'é li shegavóa miday. ― I think [literally It seems to me] that it's too high.

   קר לכם? ― kár lakhém? ― Are you cold? [literally Cold to you?]

   לא מגיע להם. ― ló magí'a lahém. ― They don't deserve it. [literally Not arrives to them.]

7. Of; indicating the reference-point relative to which a direction may be specified.

   צפונה ל־ ― tsafóna l'- ― north of

   מתחת ל־ ― mitákhat l'- ― under, underneath [literally from bottom to]

   חוץ לארץ ― khúts la'árets ― abroad [literally outside to the land]

8. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

   אל תדאג לי. ― ál tid'ág li. ― Don't worry about me [literally "to me"].

9. Of, to, before: indicating the hour before which a number of minutes or fraction of an hour is specified.

   רבע ל־10 ― réva l'éser ― a quarter to ten

   עשרה לחמש ― asará l'chamésh ― ten to five

10. (by extension, slang) Before: indicating the number of years before which a fraction of a year is specified.

    רבע ל־10 ― réva l'éser ― a quarter [of a year] less than ten [years]

Usage notes

• The above list of uses is not exhaustive; many verbs and compound prepositions use ל־ to construe their objects, and in general, this is an idiosyncratic property of the verb or preposition. Conversely, above-listed uses are not definitive; in many cases, there are other prepositions that may be used similarly (or even somewhat interchangeably). Finally, the above-listed uses are not mutually exclusive; a single instance of ל־ may serve more than one of them.
• Like all one-letter words in Hebrew, ל־ functions as a clitic, attaching to the word that follows it. Since it is a preposition, this means it attaches to the first word of its object.
• In traditional grammar, ל־ undergoes some vowel changes, depending on the word it attaches to:
  • The default form, used when none of the below rules applies, is לְ־ (l'-). It is also the only form in ordinary use in colloquial Modern Hebrew, except for the forms that merge with the definite article (see below) and in various fixed expressions that always use the traditional pronunciation.
  • When the first syllable of the word has a shva ná, the form לִ־ (li-) is used; hence, when ל־ is attached to the noun פְּעָמִים (p'amím, “times”), we obtain the adverb לִפְעָמִים (lif'amím, “sometimes”). Further, when the word starts with the syllable יְ־ (y'-), it loses its shva; hence, in traditional grammar, when ל־ is attached to יְרוּשָׁלַיִם (y'rushaláyim, “Jerusalem”), we obtain לִירוּשָׁלַיִם (lirushaláyim, “to Jerusalem”).
  • When the first syllable of the word has a khataf vowel, ל־ takes the corresponding non-khataf vowel.
  • When it is combined with the clitic הַ־ (ha-, “the”), the two clitics fuse into one syllable, with the onset being ל and the vowel being that of the ה־ (i.e., a pataḥ, a qamats, or a segol, depending on the first syllable of the word); for example, when ל־ and ה־ are attached to יֶלֶד (yéled, “boy”), we obtain לַיֶּלֶד (layéled, “to the boy”) (note the dagesh forte in the יּ), and when they're attached to אִמָּא (íma, “mother”), we obtain לָאִמָּא (la'íma, “to the mother”).
  • The same modifications occur with כְּ־ (k'-) and בְּ־ (b'-).
• Since the attachment of ל־ means that the following letter now follows an open syllable or shva, that letter loses any dagesh lene; hence the above example, where פְּעָמִים (p'amím) becomes לִפְעָמִים (lif'amím) rather than *לִפְּעָמִים (lip'amím).
• (before the hour): As in English ("it's ten to"), the complement of this preposition is often omitted in informal registers.

Inflection

• In older forms of Hebrew, and still in formal Modern Hebrew, ל־ (l'-) has been distinguished from the similar preposition אל (el). In everyday Modern Hebrew, however, this distinction is preserved only in the inflected forms, with the effect that ל־ (l'-) essentially has two different sets of inflected forms: its own original forms, which are used in most circumstances, and the forms originally belonging to אל (él), which are used with words of motion, words of connection, words of relation, and so on.

Original, usual forms

Non-personal-pronoun-including form				לְ־, ל־, לִ־, לַ־, לֶ־, לָ־ (l'-, l-, li-, la-, le-, la-)
Personal-pronoun- including forms	Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
First person	לִי (li)		לָנוּ (lánu)
Second person	לְךָ (l'kha)	לָךְ (lakh)	לָכֶם (lakhém)	לָכֶן (lakhén)
Third person	לוֹ (lo)	לָהּ (la)	לָהֶם (lahém)	לָהֶן (lahén)

Forms borrowed from אל (el)

Non-personal-pronoun-including form				לְ־, ל־ (l'-, l-)
Personal-pronoun- including forms	Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
First person	אליי / אֵלַי (eláy)		אֵלֵינוּ (elénu)
Second person	אֵלֶיךָ (elékha)	אלייך / אֵלַיִךְ (eláyikh)	אֲלֵיכֶם (alekhém)1	אֲלֵיכֶן (alekhén)1
Third person	אֵלָיו (eláv)	אֵלֶיהָ (eléha)	אֲלֵיהֶם (alehém)1	אֲלֵיהֶן (alehén)1
Notes	In Modern Hebrew, the second- and third-person plural forms are usually pronounced with leading /e/ rather than /a/.

Derived terms

• שֶׁלְּ־ (shel'-), שֶׁל (shel)

See also

• שֶׁל (shel)
• אֶל (el)